Parasites as Biological Tags for Stock Discrimination of Beaked Redfish (Sebastes mentella): Parasite Infra-Communities vs. Limited Resolution of Cytochrome Markers

Abstract

The use of parasites as biological tags for discrimination of fish stocks has become a commonly used approach in fisheries management. Metazoan parasite community analysis and anisakid nematode population genetics based on a mitochondrial cytochrome marker were applied in order to assess the usefulness of the two parasitological methods for stock discrimination of beaked redfish Sebastes mentella of three fishing grounds in the North East Atlantic. Multivariate, model-based approaches demonstrated that the metazoan parasite fauna of beaked redfish from East Greenland differed from Tampen, northern North Sea, and Bear Island, Barents Sea. A joint model (latent variable model) was used to estimate the effects of covariates on parasite species and identified four parasite species as main source of differences among fishing grounds; namely Chondracanthus nodosus, Anisakis simplex s.s., Hysterothylacium aduncum, and Bothriocephalus scorpii. Due to its high abundance and differences between fishing grounds, Anisakis simplex s.s. was considered as a major biological tag for host stock differentiation. Whilst the sole examination of Anisakis simplex s.s. on a population genetic level is only of limited use, anisakid nematodes (in particular, A. simplex s.s.) can serve as biological tags on a parasite community level. This study confirmed the use of multivariate analyses as a tool to evaluate parasite infra-communities and to identify parasite species that might serve as biological tags. The present study suggests that S. mentella in the northern North Sea and Barents Sea is not sub-structured.

Population genetic structure of the parasite Anisakis simplex (s. s.) collected in Clupea harengus L. from North East Atlantic fishing grounds

“…The genetic diversity of the A. simplex (s. s.) samples from four different sampling areas, estimated by numbers of haplotypes (Nh), nucleotide diversity (π), haplotype diversity (Hd), number of polymorphic sites (S) and average number of differences (K) obtained at the mtDNA cox2 locus, was similar to those recorded in other populations of A. simplex (s. s.) from the North Atlantic Ocean (Baldwin et al, 2011;Klapper et al, 2016).…”

“…population of the North Sea stock including the North Sea autumn spawning stock component (NSAS) (Mariani et al, 2005;ICES, 2016a). The high mobility of intermediate/paratenic and definitive hosts involved in the life-cycle of A. simplex (s. s.) in the North Atlantic Ocean surely represents a source of gene flow between populations of the parasite species at both nuclear (allozymes) (Mattiucci and Nascetti, 2008) and mitochondrial (mtDNA cox2) level (Baldwin et al, 2011;Klapper et al, 2016). Therefore, the likelihood for a high gene flow value between populations of A. simplex (s. s.) (Mattiucci and Nascetti, 2008) obtained from herrings, may be a result of the high vagility of definitve hosts involved in the life-cycle of the parasite species from those sampling areas.…”

“…Along the Scandinavian peninsula, the Norwegian spring spawning herring stock (NSS) is currently distributed from off south-west Norway to the Barents Sea, and across the Norwegian Sea up to the eastern coast of Iceland (Subareas I and II, Fig. 1) (Levsen and Lunestad, 2010;Pampoulie et al, 2015;ICES, 2016c).Metazoan parasites are commonly used as biological tags for fish stock discrimination, allowing to gain information on the biology, individual origin, intraspecific population dynamics, as well as migration and life history of actual fish host species (Parmanne et al, 1994;MacKenzie, 2002;Klimpel et al, 2004;Hatfield et al, 2005;Cross et al, 2007;Levsen and Lunestad, 2010;Karl and Levsen, 2011;Mattiucci et al, 2014a;Münster et al, 2015;Timi and Mackenzie, 2015;Klapper et al, 2016). Among metazoan parasites, Anisakis spp.…”

“…to their population of origin with higher accuracy than by using the host's genotype alone (Criscione et al, 2005;Froeschke and Von der Heyden, 2014). Studying the population genetic structure of a parasite species along the geographical range of its fish host was recently applied to infer knowledge about the population genetic structure of the fish host (Baldwin et al, 2011;Klapper et al, 2016).…”

Morphological and genetic characterization of Hysterothylacium Ward & Magath, 1917 (Nematoda: Raphidascarididae) larvae in horse mackerel, blue whiting and anchovy from Spanish Atlantic and Mediterranean waters

“…Ascaridoid nematodes, including species of Anisakidae, can be pathogenic for humans when consumed in raw fish and can cause massive economic losses for commercial fisheries (Chai, Murrell, & Lymbery, ). Species of Hysterothylacium of the family Rhapidascarididae are one of the most abundant and diverse groups of fish‐parasitizing marine ascaridoids, with a worldwide marine distribution encompassing the North Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, Pacific Ocean, and Australian, Chinese and South American marine waters (Bruce, Adlard, & Cannon, ; Klapper, Kochmann, O'Hara, Karl, & Kuhn, ; Li, Gibson, & Zhang, ; Mattiucci et al., ; Pekmezci, Yardimci, Onuk, & Umur, ; Shamsi, Gasser, & Beveridge, ; Torres & Soto, ; Zuo et al., ). They are frequently found in edible fish in Spanish Mediterranean and Atlantic waters, including sardine, blue whiting, anchovy and horse mackerel (MacKenzie et al., ; Madrid, Galán‐Puchades, & Fuentes, ; Rello, Adroher, Benítez, & Valero, ; Rello, Adroher, & Valero, ).…”