Parasites of mithun (Bos frontalis) in North Eastern hilly region of India-A review

Abstract

Parasitism is a common problem for mithun (Bos frontalis) resulting in production losses in terms of meat and milk. Prevalence of ectoparasites infestation including Rhipicephalus microplus, Ambylomma testuidinarium, Ixodes ovatus and I. acutitarsus, has been reported based on taxonomic studies and PCR amplification of conserved gene. Different gastrointestinal helminth like Haemonchus contortus, Mecistocirrus digitatus, Trichostrongylus spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Trichuris spp s, Thelazia species, Strongyloides papillosus, different amphistomes and Fasciola gigantica were also reported from mithun from India. Among filarial worms, Setaria digitata was recorded from peritoneal cavity of mithun and its molecular confirmation was done based on PCR amplification of marker genes. Tapeworm infestation viz. Moniezia expansa, M. benedeni, hydatid cyst and Cysticercus tenuicollis, were also commonly occurred in mithun. Enteric protozoa like different species of Eimeria, Cryptospordium species, Balantidium coli, has been diagnosed based on morphological identification sporulated oocysts and developmental stages found on faecal examination. Another obligate intracellular parasites Toxoplasma gondii, was also diagnosed based on ELISA and modified agglutination test. An integrated approach incorporating deworming, good livestock management and optimum feeding management practice coupled with vaccination programme will make successful parasite control programme in near future.

Haemoparasites of Domestic Bovines and Their Diagnostic Pattern: A Review

“…Although adult worms usually cause mild fibrinous peritonitis and are nonpathogenic, the larval forms are considered pathogenic and responsible for cerebral nematodiasis (Tung et al, 2003). The prevalence of S. digitata infection is influenced by climate and the presence of suitable mosquito vectors (Chamuah et al, 2021), with mosquitoes from the genera Aedes, Culex, Anopheles and Armigeres acting as transmitters of this nematode. Within 8-10 days of being ingested by mosquitoes, the microfilariae undergo two molts and develop into infective third-stage larvae (L3 larvae) in the thoracic muscles of the mosquitoes (Chamuah et al, 2021;Perumal et al, 2016).…”

“…The prevalence of S. digitata infection is influenced by climate and the presence of suitable mosquito vectors (Chamuah et al, 2021), with mosquitoes from the genera Aedes, Culex, Anopheles and Armigeres acting as transmitters of this nematode. Within 8-10 days of being ingested by mosquitoes, the microfilariae undergo two molts and develop into infective third-stage larvae (L3 larvae) in the thoracic muscles of the mosquitoes (Chamuah et al, 2021;Perumal et al, 2016). Infected mosquitoes can then transmit L3 larvae to other susceptible hosts during blood meals.…”

“…Infected mosquitoes can then transmit L3 larvae to other susceptible hosts during blood meals. In the host, the L3 larvae reach sexual maturity within 8-10 months, thus completing the life cycle of S. digitata (Chamuah et al, 2021).…”

“…Infection with S. digitata can result in a severe condition known as cerebrospinal nematodiasis (epizootic cerebrospinal setariosis or kumri or lumbar paralysis) in unnatural hosts like horses, sheep and goats. This condition arises due to the migration of microfilariae into the central nervous system (Chamuah et al, 2021). Additionally, there have been reports of congenital cases of setariosis.…”

Parasitic Characterization and Histopathological Alterations in the Local Naemi Sheep, Ovis aries awassi, Naturally Infected with Dicrocoelium dendriticum in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

“…Dicrocoeliosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the lancet fluke, Dicrocoelium dendriticum, which can be found in the bile ducts and gallbladders of definitive hosts, as domestic and wild ruminants are the most common hosts. In addition, horses, rabbits, dogs, pigs and humans can also be infected (Otranto and Traversa 2003;Chamuah and Raina 2020).…”