Parasitism effects on white clover by root-knot and cyst nematodes and molecular separation of Heterodera daverti from H. trifolii

Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Heterodera schachtii and the Newly Recorded Cyst Nematode, H. trifolii Associated with Chinese Cabbage in Korea

“…DNA sequence analysis (n=10) of two population was done at GenoTech Corporation (Dajeon, Korea). Outgroup taxa for each dataset was taken based on references from previous studies (Sekimoto et al, 2017; Subbotin et al, 2001; Vovlas et al, 2015). The newly obtained sequences of ITS rRNA and CO I gene were aligned using ClustalX 1.83 program with datasets of ‘Schachtii’ group species, registered in National center for biotechnology information.…”

“…The newly obtained sequences of ITS rRNA and CO I gene were aligned using ClustalX 1.83 program with datasets of ‘Schachtii’ group species, registered in National center for biotechnology information. Bayesian analysis of the sequence datasets was performed using MrBayes 3.1.2 (Kang et al, 2016; Sekimoto et al, 2017; Vovlas et al, 2015). The general time reversible substitution model (GTR+I+G) was chosen for this analysis and was run with four chains for 1 × 10 6 generations.…”

Identification of Heterodera glycines (Tylenchida; Heteroderidae) Using qPCR

“…For this reason, a qPCR assay based on the differences of another gene sequence was developed to discriminate between the Heterodera avenae group species ( H. avenae , H. filipjevi , and H. latipons ) by targeting the CO I gene (Toumi et al, 2013, 2015). Several studies have adopted the CO I gene for the DNA barcoding of the Heteroderidae family (Powers et al, 2018; Subbotin et al, 2018; Vovlas et al, 2015). According to Subbotin et al (2018), the CO I gene is a powerful barcoding marker because each species of Heterodera has a unique sequence.…”

“…Recently, research has been carried out in several countries on various diagnostic techniques for H . glycines using DNA barcode and quantitative PCR (qPCR); however, these techniques have not been studied in Korea (Vovlas et al, 2015; Ye, 2012). qPCR with species-specific primers can allow for the rapid diagnosis of H. glycines since the amplified results of the target sequences can be confirmed in real time and because the electrophoresis of PCR products is not necessary.…”

Anatomical Alterations in Plant Tissues Induced by Plant-Parasitic Nematodes

“…Usually, several adjacent cells, not directly penetrated by the nematode stylet, exhibit cytological features such as a granulated cytoplasm with hypertrophied nuclei and nucleoli. These cells could be called nurturing cells and they proliferate amongst pith parenchyma and vascular bundles in some plants close to the feeding sites formed by the cavity within the gall (Watson and Shorthouse, 1979 ; Vovlas et al, 2015a ). Some authors as early as Goodey ( 1935 ), Krusberg ( 1961 ), and Watson and Shorthouse ( 1979 ), related this specific plant morphogenesis to the number of meristematic cells, as cortical parenchyma is associated with cell separation only, while meristematic cells are more commonly related with gall formation.…”