“…Most information about the prevalence of B. transfuga in populations of wild bears has been from the American, Canadian, and Russian populations of black, brown, grizzly, and polar bears, respectively [ 14 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ]. Information about the prevalence of B. transfuga in populations of wild brown bears in Europe is limited [ 1 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ], and little is known about the seasonal dynamics of B. transfuga in these populations [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 40 ]. The seasonal dynamics of B. transfuga in wild carnivores can also be influenced by external factors such as temperature, humidity, and rainfall.…”