Parasitology

Fowler, Murray E.

doi:10.1002/9780470344484.ch12

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…This species, the sole member of the Protofasciolinae, is an inhabitant of the small intestine of the African elephant. There has been one report of P. robusta in Asian elephants, but this report was in error (M. E. Fowler, personal communication) 23. Some of the prominent morphological characters that distinguish it from other fasciolids are an unspined tegument, testes and ovaries that are entire as opposed to dendritic, and simple non-sinuous and unbranched caeca 10.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary Origins, Diversification, and Biogeography of Liver Flukes (Digenea, Fasciolidae)

Lotfy¹,

Perera²,

Loker³

et al. 2008

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

103

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Fasciolid flukes are among the largest and best known digenetic trematodes and have considerable historical and veterinary significance. Fasciola hepatica is commonly implicated in causing disease in humans. The origins, patterns of diversification, and biogeography of fasciolids are all poorly known. We have undertaken a molecular phylogenetic study using 28S, internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 (ITS-1 and ITS-2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA, and mitochondrial nicotinamide dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) that included seven of the nine recognized species in the family. The fasciolids examined comprise a monophyletic group with the most basal species recovered from African elephants. We hypothesize fasciolids migrated from Africa to Eurasia, with secondary colonization of Africa. Fasciolids have been conservative in maintaining relatively large adult body size, but anatomical features of their digestive and reproductive systems are available. These flukes have been opportunistic, with respect to switching to new snail (planorbid to lymnaeid) and mammalian hosts and from intestinal to hepatic habitats within mammals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary Origins, Diversification, and Biogeography of Liver Flukes (Digenea, Fasciolidae)

Lotfy¹,

Perera²,

Loker³

et al. 2008

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

103

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“…Finally, it is noteworthy that there are differences between Asian and African elephants with respect to parasite species within the same genus (Fowler, 2006), and consequently, comparative genetic studies on the parasites derived from Asian and African elephants might provide new insights into the evolution, variation, speciation and separation of elephant parasites, as shown for nematodes of Murshidia and Quilonia species and Cobboldia species of stomach bot fly (Chel et al ., 2020 a , 2020 b ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gastrointestinal nematodes have long been identified as parasites infecting elephants, and are often associated with protein-losing gastroenteropathy that can cause hypoalbuminaemia, anaemia, enteritis and even death in younger elephants (Fowler, 2006). Among the gastrointestinal nematodes, those in the genera of Murshidia and Quilonia , belonging to the subfamily Cyathostominae of the family Strongylidae, are specific to elephants and rhinoceroses (Lane, 1914).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the gastrointestinal nematodes, those in the genera of Murshidia and Quilonia , belonging to the subfamily Cyathostominae of the family Strongylidae, are specific to elephants and rhinoceroses (Lane, 1914). Five species of each Murshidia and Quilonia have been reported to infect Asian elephants ( Elephas maximus ) (Lane, 1914; Ware, 1924; Witenberg, 1925; Baylis, 1936; Van der Westhuysen, 1938; Gupta and Jaiswal, 1984; Gupta and Trivedi, 1984; Zhang and Xie, 1992), whereas 17 Murshidia and eight Quilonia species have been recorded from African elephants ( Loxodonta africana or Loxodonta cyclotis ) (Khalil, 1922; Van der Westhuysen, 1938; Fowler, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scanning electron microscopy of Quilonia renniei from Asian elephants revealing variation in coronal leaflet number

et al. 2021

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Although parasitic nematodes in the genera Murshidia and Quilonia (family Strongylidae) are recognized as major gastrointestinal parasites in Asian elephants, they have been poorly studied. Recently, light micrographs of these parasites in Myanmar have been presented, almost 100 years after the original drawings. However, the number of coronal leaflets, a key taxonomic feature of Quilonia species, has not been precisely determined based on light microscopy. The current study aimed to determine the exact number of coronal leaflets in Quilonia renniei specimens from Asian elephants in Myanmar. On the basis of scanning electron micrographs, leaflet number in females (19–20, average 19.7, n = 9) was significantly higher (P < 0.005) than that in males (16–19, average 18.1, n = 8). This compares with 18 coronal leaflets indicated in the original species description. Specimens bearing 19 coronal leaflets were most numerous, followed by those with 20 leaflets. Median-joining network analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene sequences with 16 haplotypes from 19 individuals revealed no clear association between parasite populations and the number of coronal leaflets. These results highlight the importance of determining the number of coronal leaflets in the taxonomy of Q. renniei and other related Quilonia species infecting Asian elephants.

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“…However, no pathology associated with the infection was recorded in white rhinoceros. Babesia loxodontis was described from asymptomatic African elephants, Loxodonta africana [ 36 ]; babesiosis in Asian elephants can be associated with weakness, fever, jaundice, constipation and haemoglobinuria [ 37 ]. Babesia pattoni was reported in Rusa unicolor but no associated pathology was described [ 38 ].…”

Section: Are Endangered Hosts Endangered Because Of Ticks?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Coendangered hard-ticks: threatened or threatening?

2011

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The overwhelming majority of animal conservation projects are focused on vertebrates, despite most of the species on Earth being invertebrates. Estimates state that about half of all named species of invertebrates are parasitic in at least one stage of their development. The dilemma of viewing parasites as biodiversity or pest has been discussed by several authors. However, ticks were omitted. The latest taxonomic synopses of non-fossil Ixodidae consider valid 700 species. Though, how many of them are still extant is almost impossible to tell, as many of them are known only from type specimens in museums and were never collected since their original description. Moreover, many hosts are endangered and as part of conservation efforts of threatened vertebrates, a common practice is the removal of, and treatment for external parasites, with devastating impact on tick populations. There are several known cases when the host became extinct with subsequent coextinction of their ectoparasites. For our synoptic approach we have used the IUCN status of the host in order to evaluate the status of specifically associated hard-ticks. As a result, we propose a number of 63 coendangered and one extinct hard-tick species. On the other side of the coin, the most important issue regarding tick-host associations is vectorial transmission of microbial pathogens (i.e. viruses, bacteria, protozoans). Tick-borne diseases of threatened vertebrates are sometimes fatal to their hosts. Mortality associated with pathogens acquired from ticks has been documented in several cases, mostly after translocations. Are ticks a real threat to their coendangered host and should they be eliminated? Up to date, there are no reliable proofs that ticks listed by us as coendangered are competent vectors for pathogens of endangered animals.

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Parasitology

Cited by 7 publications

References 35 publications

Evolutionary Origins, Diversification, and Biogeography of Liver Flukes (Digenea, Fasciolidae)

Evolutionary Origins, Diversification, and Biogeography of Liver Flukes (Digenea, Fasciolidae)

Scanning electron microscopy of Quilonia renniei from Asian elephants revealing variation in coronal leaflet number

Coendangered hard-ticks: threatened or threatening?

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