Paratyphoid in Turkeys

AN OUTBREAK OF MASTITIS DUE TO PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA IN A DAIRY HERD

“…The outbreak was therefore a particularly severe one, although herd outbreaks have been reported by a number of earlier authors (Cherrington and Gildow 1931;Tucker 1954;van Kruiningen 1963 ) , The clinical signs in the severely affected cows were fairly constant, and resembled those reported by van Kruiningen (1963). aeruginosu in this herd initially involved 13 cows in a herd of 120, and 19 months later involved at least one further cow which had not been in the milking herd at the time of the earlier outbreak.…”

Factors associated with the dissemination of Salmonellae in turkey products and processing plants

“…Mallmann and Moore (1936), Cherrington et al (1937), and Pomeroy and Fenstermacher (1939) reported the isolation of Salmonellae from "dead-in-shell" embryos.…”

“…In regard to ovarian transmission, Williams (1959) indicated that paratyphoid infections in turkeys may occasionally be directly trans mitted throu^ the ovaries; however, experimental evidence does not indi cate that infected turkeys produce a high percentage of infected eggs, Lee et al» (1936), Cherrington et al (1937), Hinshaw and McNeil (1943), Gibbons and Moore (1946), Gauger and Greaves (1946b), Gun de rs on et al…”

Scientific Opinion on an estimation of the public health impact of setting a new target for the reduction ofSalmonellain turkeys

“…The pseudo-vertical transmission occurs from parents to progeny via externally contaminated eggs or in the hatchery when Salmonella from a very small number of internally contaminated eggs (via ovarian or trans-shell contamination) spreads within hatcher cabinets and via ventilation ducting or poorly cleaned equipment. Eggshells can be contaminated by faecal material from environments with subsequent penetration into the eggs (Cherrington et al, 1937;Pomeroy and Fensternmacher, 1941;Stokes et al, 1956;Williams et al, 1968). Williams and Dillard (1969) found that unpigmented turkey eggs were more frequently penetrated by S. Typhimurium than normally pigmented eggs.…”

“…In general, the most important source of Salmonella infection appears to be the true-vertical transmission from parents to progeny via internally contaminated eggs, due to colonisation of the reproductive organs (ovary or oviduct) or due to penetration into the forming egg, within the body of the turkey breeder (Cherrington et al, 1937) or by contact of follicles with infected peritoneum or air sacs. The pseudo-vertical transmission occurs from parents to progeny via externally contaminated eggs or in the hatchery when Salmonella from a very small number of internally contaminated eggs (via ovarian or trans-shell contamination) spreads within hatcher cabinets and via ventilation ducting or poorly cleaned equipment.…”