Parent Bisphenol A Accumulation in the Human Maternal-Fetal-Placental Unit

Schönfelder, Gilbert; Wittfoht, W.; Hopp, H. Esteban; Talsness, Chris E.; Paul, Martin; Chahoud, Ibrahim

doi:10.1289/ehp.021100703

Cited by 685 publications

(353 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…To achieve enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, the phenols have been derivatized to alkyl or acyl derivatives before GC-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] We have developed a sensitive method for measuring BPA, 4-tert-octylphenol (tOP), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), and five chlorophenols [2,4-dichlorophenol(24-DCP), 2,5-dichlorophenol (25-DCP), 2,45,-trichlorophenol (245-TCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (246-TCP) and triclosan]. The method uses solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled on-line to HPLC and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS).…”

Section: Clinical Relevance and Summary Of Test Principlementioning

confidence: 99%

Bisphenol A (BPA) daily intakes in the United States: Estimates from the 2003–2004 NHANES urinary BPA data

LaKind¹,

Naiman

2008

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

187

134

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Section: Clinical Relevance and Summary Of Test Principlementioning

confidence: 99%

Bisphenol A (BPA) daily intakes in the United States: Estimates from the 2003–2004 NHANES urinary BPA data

LaKind¹,

Naiman

2008

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

187

134

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“…It is urgent to assess the exposure of highly-sensitive individuals to slight quantities of these compounds. Recent work has shown the contamination of BPA in placenta at the same level as blood, 6 suggesting migration from a mother into the fetus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Bisphenol A and 4-Nonylphenol in Human Milk Using Alkaline Digestion and Cleanup by Solid-Phase Extraction

2003

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A highly sensitive and selective method based on alkaline digestion for the simultaneous determination of bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-nonylphenol (NP) was developed. The method consists of digestion of the matrix with ethanolic KOH, extraction with diethyl ether under a mild alkaline condition, cleaning with successive aminopropyl (NH2) cartridges and derivatization followed by a GC-MS analysis. The assay accuracies, expressed as recoveries, were 82 -113% for BPA and 89 -97% for NP. The limits of detection of BPA and NP were 0.09 ng/g and 0.50 ng/g, respectively. The procedure will be reliable for the trace analysis of BPA and NP in human milk, since alkaline digestion can diminish their documented association with protein.

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“…Bisphenol A thus leaches into food and beverages under the normal conditions of use of tin cans and polycarbonate plastic containers (14)(15)(16), and when polycarbonate is scratched and discolored, the rate of leaching can be very high (16). There is significant exposure of pregnant women to bisphenol A, because mean blood levels of biologically active (unconjugated) bisphenol A in human fetuses at parturition are in the range of 2-3 ng͞ml (Ϸ10 nM) (17), and levels in human amniotic fluid during reproductive tract differentiation in fetuses are even higher at 8 ng͞ml (18).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Estrogenic chemicals in plastic and oral contraceptives disrupt development of the fetal mouse prostate and urethra

Timms

Howdeshell

Barton

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

365

294

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Exposure of human fetuses to man-made estrogenic chemicals can occur through several sources. For example, fetal exposure to ethinylestradiol occurs because each year Ϸ3% of women taking oral contraceptives become pregnant. Exposure to the estrogenic chemical bisphenol A occurs through food and beverages because of significant leaching from polycarbonate plastic products and the lining of cans. We fed pregnant CD-1 mice ethinylestradiol (0.1 g͞kg per day) and bisphenol A (10 g͞kg per day), which are doses below the range of exposure by pregnant women. In male mouse fetuses, both ethinylestradiol and bisphenol A produced an increase in the number and size of dorsolateral prostate ducts and an overall increase in prostate duct volume. Histochemical staining of sections with antibodies to proliferating cell nuclear antigen and mouse keratin 5 indicated that these increases were due to a marked increase in proliferation of basal epithelial cells located in the primary ducts. The urethra was malformed in the colliculus region and was significantly constricted where it enters the bladder, which could contribute to urine flow disorders. These effects were identical to those caused by a similar dose (0.1 g͞kg per day) of the estrogenic drug diethylstilbestrol (DES), a known human developmental teratogen and carcinogen. In contrast, a 2,000-fold higher DES dose completely inhibited dorsolateral prostate duct formation, revealing opposite effects of high and low doses of estrogen. Acceleration in the rate of proliferation of prostate epithelium during fetal life by small amounts of estrogenic chemicals could permanently disrupt cellular control systems and predispose the prostate to disease in adulthood.bisphenol A ͉ ethinylestradiol ͉ urogenital sinus M ore than 60 years ago, there was speculation that exposure of male fetuses to elevated estrogen levels during fetal life could predispose men to have an enlarged prostate in old age. This hypothesis was proposed because the prostate derives from a portion of the embryonic urogenital sinus (UGS) that differentiates into the estrogen-responsive vagina in females (1). In contrast to this prediction, numerous studies have shown that high doses of diethylstilbestrol (DES) and other estrogenic chemicals inhibit prostate development in mice and rats (2). These studies were conducted because pregnant women in the 1950s and 1960s were prescribed high doses of DES based on the mistaken assumption that DES would prevent spontaneous abortion. Maternal DES administration resulted in cancer and other abnormalities of the reproductive organs in offspring, which was not detected until subsequent adulthood and after millions of human fetuses had been exposed (3-5). It is now well known that hormones can have opposite effects at low vs. high doses. Studies that include only very high doses of drugs or chemicals can miss unique effects that are observed only within a physiologically relevant low dose range (6).We examined whether very low doses of estrogenic chemicals in drugs and consumer ...

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Parent Bisphenol A Accumulation in the Human Maternal-Fetal-Placental Unit

Cited by 685 publications

References 33 publications

Bisphenol A (BPA) daily intakes in the United States: Estimates from the 2003–2004 NHANES urinary BPA data

Bisphenol A (BPA) daily intakes in the United States: Estimates from the 2003–2004 NHANES urinary BPA data

Determination of Bisphenol A and 4-Nonylphenol in Human Milk Using Alkaline Digestion and Cleanup by Solid-Phase Extraction

Estrogenic chemicals in plastic and oral contraceptives disrupt development of the fetal mouse prostate and urethra

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