“…Of the 13 studies, only 7 ( Barna et al, 1980;Gross, Eudy, & Drabman, 1982;Hanzlik, 1989;Hinojosa, 1990;Sarimski & Hoffmann, 1993;Short, Schkade, & Herring, 1989;Von Wendt, Ekenberg, Dagis, & Janlert, 1984) were explicitly designed to study the effects of parental involvement. In the other studies, parents were involved in the program, but this involvement was not an independent variable.…”