Parental attitude, depression, anxiety in mothers, family functioning and breath‐holding spells: A case control study

Eliaçık, Kayı; Bolat, Nurullah; Kanık, Ali; Sargın, Enis; Selkie, Ellen; Korkmaz, Nurhan; Baydan, Figen; Akar, Ebru Öztürk; Sarıoğlu, Berrak

doi:10.1111/jpc.13094

Cited by 10 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Breath-holding spells may be a symptom of a disturbed parent-child relationship [1, 36]. Many of the parents are found to be over-protective and over-solicitous.…”

Section: Etiopathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many of the parents are found to be over-protective and over-solicitous. They experience more overall stress and disruption in their attachment and understanding of their child [36, 37]. Some of the children are found to be generally resistive and remonstrating, especially against a tense and rigid feeding regime and prematurely enforced regulation of toilet habits [1].…”

Section: Etiopathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subbarayan et al . assessed the temperamental traits of 30 children with breath-holding spells and compared them with 30 healthy children matched for age, gender, and socioeconomic status [36]. The authors found that the threshold of responsiveness (p <0.001), intensity of emotions (p <0.001), mood (p <0.001), and distractibility (p< 0.001) were higher in children with breath-holding spells compared with the control group.…”

Section: Etiopathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Breath-Holding Spells in Pediatrics: A Narrative Review of the Current Evidence

Leung

Wong

et al. 2019

CPR

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Background: Breath-holding spells are common, frightening, but fortunately benign events. Familiarity with this condition is important so that an accurate diagnosis can be made.Objective: To familiarize physicians with the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, evaluation, and management of children with breath-holding spells.Methods: A PubMed search was completed in Clinical Queries using the key term “breath-holding spells”. The search strategy included meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews. Only papers published in the English literature were included in this review. The information retrieved from the above search was used in the compilation of the present article.Results: Breath-holding spells affect 0.1 to 4.6% of otherwise healthy young children. The onset is usually between 6 and 18 months of age. The etiopathogenesis is likely multifactorial and includes autonomic nervous system dysregulation, vagally-mediated cardiac inhibition, delayed myelination of the brain stem, and iron deficiency anemia. Breath-holding spells may be cyanotic or pallid. The former are usually precipitated by anger or frustration while the latter are more often precipitated by pain or fear. In the cyanotic type, the child usually emits a short, loud cry, which leads to a sudden involuntary holding of the breath in forced expiration. The child becomes cyanosed, rigid or limp, followed by a transient loss of consciousness, and a long-awaited inspiration and resolution of the spell. In the pallid type, crying may be minimal or “silent”. The apneic period in the pallid type is briefer than that in the cyanotic type prior to the loss of consciousness and posture. The episode in the pallid type then proceeds in the same manner as a cyanotic spell except that the child in the pallid type develops pallor rather than cyanosis. In both types, the entire episode lasts approximately 10 to 60 seconds. The spells usually disappear spontaneously by 5 years of age.Conclusion: Although breath-holding spells are benign, they can be quite distressing to the parents. Confident reassurance and frank explanation are the cornerstones of treatment. Underlying cause, if present, should be treated. Interventions beyond iron supplementation may be considered for children with severe and frequent breath-holding spells which have a strong impact on the lifestyle of both the child and family.

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“…Breath-holding spells may be a symptom of a disturbed parent-child relationship [1, 36]. Many of the parents are found to be over-protective and over-solicitous.…”

Section: Etiopathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Etiopathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Etiopathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Breath-Holding Spells in Pediatrics: A Narrative Review of the Current Evidence

Leung

Wong

et al. 2019

CPR

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“…Keitner et al (2003) reported a decrease in depressive symptoms in young Australian women with chronic depression using therapies based on the McMaster model of family functioning. Eliacik et al (2016) reported inverse associations between family functioning scores and depression and anxiety scores in Turkish mothers who have children with breath-holding spells. Wang and Zhao (2013) associated episodes of major depression with dysfunction in Chinese families.…”

Section: Family Functioning and Symptoms Of Depression And Anxietymentioning

confidence: 96%

Spiritual health, family functioning and symptoms of depression and anxiety among adults from a sample of northeastern Mexico

et al. 2021

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Certain studies identify spiritual health and family functioning as predictors of a healthy lifestyle. Both constructs influence the presence of symptoms of depression and anxiety. To obtain more empirical evidence on this relationship, 128 adults from Northeast Mexico were administered the Spiritual Health Scale (ESE-UM), the Assessment of Family Functioning questionnaire, the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Beck Depression Inventory. Significant effects of spiritual health and family functioning on depression and subjective anxiety were found. It is inferred that spiritual health and family functioning are protective factors for emotional problems.

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“…These spells have benign prognosis, in general, but occasionally some complications may be seen as a loss of consciousness, tonic–clonic movements, or seizures. In addition, it has been reported that severe breath-holding spells in children could cause cerebral hypoxemia 1–6…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain metabolite values in children with breath-holding spells

Çalık¹,

Dokumaci²,

Sarıkaya³

et al. 2017

NDT

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Breath-holding spells are benign, paroxysmal events with apnea and postural tone changes after a crying episode in infants. The objective of this study was to investigate the pathologies in brain metabolite values in the absence of seizure in children with breath-holding spells by using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Brain MRS examination was performed on 18 children with breath-holding spells and 13 neurologically normal children who were included as the control group. There was no significant difference in terms of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), creatine (Cr), and myoinositol (mI) levels and also in terms of NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, and mI/Cr ratios between the patients and the control group (all P>0.05). Our study suggested that there is no permanent neuronal damage in patients with breath-holding spells. This result confirms the previous studies, which reported no permanent neuronal damage in patients with breath-holding spells.

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Parental attitude, depression, anxiety in mothers, family functioning and breath‐holding spells: A case control study

Abstract: The association of anxiety, depression, prenatal stressful events and poor family functioning in mothers who have children with BHS is significantly higher than controls. An evaluation of these problems may be beneficial in the management of BHS.

Cited by 10 publications

References 33 publications

Breath-Holding Spells in Pediatrics: A Narrative Review of the Current Evidence

Breath-Holding Spells in Pediatrics: A Narrative Review of the Current Evidence

Spiritual health, family functioning and symptoms of depression and anxiety among adults from a sample of northeastern Mexico

Brain metabolite values in children with breath-holding spells

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