“…In their review of the literature in this field, Hirsjärvi and Perälä-Littunen (2001) highlight the fact that many authors have used the expression parental beliefs without precisely defining what they mean by it and without differentiating the concept of parental beliefs from other similar terms. In fact, researchers have used numerous synonyms for beliefs, including knowledge, ideas, schemes, opinions, thoughts, representations, attitudes, perspectives, expectations, judgments, perceptions, conceptions, images, implicit theories, naïve theories, and social cognition.…”