Parental occupation, education, and smoking as predictors of offspring tobacco use in adulthood: A longitudinal study

Psychosocial predictors of nicotine dependence in Black and Puerto Rican adults: A longitudinal study

“…A number of studies have shown that having parents or siblings who smoke or use illegal drugs in the family increases one's risk of regular smoking (Alexender et al, 1983;Brook et al, 2004;Chassin, Clark, Presson, Sherman, & McGrew, 1986;Denton & Kampfe, 1994;Kierker, Avenevoli, Merikangas, Flaherty, & Stolar, 2001;Eckhardt, Woodruff, & Elder, 1994;Fagan, Brook, Rubenstone, & Zhang, 2005;Flay et al, 1994;Jackson & Henriksen, 1997;Nyari, Heredi, & Parker, 2005;Ohannessian et al, 2004). Although modeling is often cited as the reason for the observed link between smoking among family members, genetic effects may also be at play (Boomsma, Koopmans, Van Doornen, & Orlebeke, 1994;Maes et al, 1999).…”

Tobacco, alcohol, cannabis and other illegal drug use among young adults: The socioeconomic context

“…With notable exceptions (Merline et al, 2004;Patton et al, 2007), past studies which report on the relationship between socioeconomic position and substance use studied one substance at a time (Fagan et al, 2005;Perkonigg et al, 2008;Schulenberg et al, 1996;Schulenberg et al, 2005;Swift et al, 2008) or overall symptoms of abuse (Barrett and Turner, 2006), making it difficult to make cross-substance comparisons.…”

Tobacco use among public health professionals in Beijing: the relationship between smoking and education level

“…This has significant implications for the next generation of Chinese smokers, as longitudinal research has shown that parental education is often associated with tobacco use among their adult offspring. 8 Although the high smoking rate among Chinese physicians is Letters already well known, 4,5 our study further suggests that a large proportion of public health professionals may also use tobacco. Encouraging them to quit will be crucial in defeating the current epidemic; however, it has been suggested that there is very little social pressure to quit smoking in China.…”

“…Data were gathered by means of an anonymous, self-reporting questionnaire adapted from other international investigations. [5][6][7][8] Smoking information was stratified by smoking rate, smoking duration, age, sex, career length and highest education level. Differences in prevalence were investigated using the chi square test and logistic regression.…”