Parental R-Rated Movie Restriction and Early-Onset Alcohol Use

Tanski, Susanne E.; Cin, Sonya Dal; Stoolmiller, Mike; Sargent, James D.

doi:10.15288/jsad.2010.71.452

Cited by 29 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Finally, even if the MPAA agrees to modernize its voluntary film rating system to eliminate smoking from youth-rated films, youth will still receive some exposure to smoking from R-rated movies, so it is also important to motivate and assist parents in restricting access to these movies, which would further reduce adolescent exposure to onscreen smoking. [53][54][55][56][57][58][59] …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Motion Picture Rating on Adolescent Response to Movie Smoking

2012

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WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: The US Surgeon General has determined that the relationship between movie smoking exposure (MSE) and youth smoking is causal; however, it is not known whether movie rating influences how adolescents respond. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:The response to PG-13-rated MSE was indistinguishable from R-rated MSE. An R rating for smoking could reduce smoking onset in the United States by 18% (by eliminating PG-13 MSE), an effect similar to making all parents maximally authoritative in their parenting. abstract OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between movie smoking exposure (MSE) and adolescent smoking according to rating category. METHODS:A total of 6522 US adolescents were enrolled in a longitudinal survey conducted at 8-month intervals; 5503 subjects were followed up at 8 months, 5019 subjects at 16 months, and 4575 subjects at 24 months. MSE was estimated from 532 recent box-office hits, blocked into 3 Motion Picture Association of America rating categories: G/PG, PG-13, and R. A survival model evaluated time to smoking onset. RESULTS:Median MSE in PG-13-rated movies was ∼3 times higher than median MSE from R-rated movies, but their relation with smoking was essentially the same, with adjusted hazard ratios of 1.49 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.23-1.81) and 1.33 (95% CI: 1.23-1.81) for each additional 500 occurrences of MSE respectively. MSE from G/PG-rated movies was small and had no significant relationship with adolescent smoking. Attributable risk estimates showed that adolescent smoking would be reduced by 18% (95% CI: 14-21) if smoking in PG-13-rated movies was reduced to the fifth percentile. In comparison, making all parents maximally authoritative in their parenting would reduce adolescent smoking by 16% (95% CI: 12-19). CONCLUSIONS:The equivalent effect of PG-13-rated and R-rated MSE suggests it is the movie smoking that prompts adolescents to smoke, not other characteristics of R-rated movies or adolescents drawn to them. An R rating for movie smoking could substantially reduce adolescent smoking by eliminating smoking from PG-13 movies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Motion Picture Rating on Adolescent Response to Movie Smoking

2012

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“…8 Direct relationships between AUF, alcohol use without parental knowledge, and binge drinking were recorded for German adolescents 4 after adjusting for confounders or mediators that included peer alcohol use 8 and parental media viewing restrictions. 2,3,9 Adolescents subjected to viewing restrictions were older when they first drank alcohol and at less risk of binge drinking compared with those with unrestricted viewing. 10 Individual characteristics (eg, self-control and sensation seeking) have been shown to mediate associations between AUF and adolescent drinking 5 although, counterintuitively, risk of alcohol onset was increased in low rather than high sensation seekers.…”

Section: What This Study Addsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Firstly, it has been demonstrated in multiple prospective studies that adolescents who experience parental restrictions on adult-rated films (eg, BBFC 18 or MPAA R) have less exposure to smoking and drinking in films and lower rates of smoking and drinking themselves. 2,3,9,10,[33][34][35] Furthermore, these associations are independent of the effect of parenting effectiveness as it is usually measured, 9 raising the possibility that motivating and assisting parents to implement media restrictions between late childhood and early adolescence could have a positive impact on early-onset use of multiple Exposure = Duration of AUFs (vs #27 min). Model 1 = age and gender (N = 5163).…”

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confidence: 99%

Alcohol Use in Films and Adolescent Alcohol Use

2015

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OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether exposure to alcohol use in films (AUFs) is associated with early alcohol use, binge drinking, and alcohol-related problems in British adolescents.METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 5163 15-year-olds from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children in the United Kingdom. We measured adolescent exposure to AUFs, age at onset of alcohol use, and binge-drinking behavior. We adjusted for early childhood social, family and behavioral factors, adolescent tobacco use, and peer drinking. RESULTS:After adjustment, adolescents with the highest exposure to AUFs were 1.2 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-1.3) times more likely to have tried alcohol compared with those least exposed and 1.7 (95% CI: 1.5-2.0) times more likely to binge drink. They were 2.4 (95% CI: 1.9-3.1) times more likely to drink weekly and 2.0 (95% CI: 1.7-2.4) times more likely to have alcohol-related problems than those least exposed.CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to AUFs is associated with higher risk of alcohol use and alcohol-related problems in UK adolescents. Our findings provide evidence to support the argument that a review of film-rating categories and alcohol ratings for all films may help reduce problemrelated alcohol consumption in young people. WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT:Exposure to risky behavior in the media is associated with increased risky behavior during adolescence. To date, published studies have not adjusted results for early childhood confounders in this literature. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:Our findings confirm associations between adolescent alcohol use in the United Kingdom and exposure to alcohol use in films consistent with other global studies, even after controlling for early childhood confounding influences. Dr Waylen designed the study and drafted the initial manuscript; Dr Leary carried out the analyses and reviewed and revised the manuscript; Dr Ness conceptualized the study within this UK cohort and reviewed and revised the manuscript; Dr Sargent conceptualized the study and critically reviewed the manuscript; and all authors approved the final manuscript as submitted.This publication is the work of the authors, and Dr Waylen will serve as guarantor for the contents of this article. Scotland) and concluded that, even after adjustment for a range of contemporaneous confounders, exposure to AUF was associated with an increased risk of trying alcohol and binge drinking. 15 Neither these nor any of the other previously published studies has adjusted for the many early childhood exposures and characteristics that might affect life course trajectories and confound the movie alcohol exposure-youth alcohol consumption association. We used data collected prospectively during pre-and postnatal and early childhood assessments from a large UK cohort, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) to examine associations between exposure to AUF and adolescent alcohol use at 15 years after adjusting for early childhood confounding influences. METHODSALSPAC is a prospective st...

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“…Our past experience suggested that media restrictions are applied independently of more traditional parental monitoring activities. 15 We drew items from the Authoritative Parenting Index 33 to measure parenting style, we used three items to describe responsiveness (e.g., “She/he makes me feel better when I'm upset”) and another three items for demandingness (e.g., “She/he knows where I am after leaving school.”) for mothers (Cronbach’s alpha among three items was 0.82 & 0.70 for responsiveness and demandingness respectively) and for fathers (alpha 0.89 & 0.92 respectively) separately using all four measures as covariates. We assessed media access both in terms of ownership (e.g., “Do you have a phone with internet access?”), and bedroom access (e.g., “Do you have internet access in your room?”).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other studies have found parental movie restrictions to be associated with lower rates of alcohol use and binge drinking. 3,14,15 In one study 15 , latent constructs of parental movie restriction were modeled separately from a general parenting construct, with movie restriction effects on behavior shown to be mediated through lower exposure to R-rated movies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parental Restriction of Mature-rated Media and Its Association With Substance Use Among Argentinean Adolescents

Méjía

Pérez

Peña

et al. 2016

Academic Pediatrics

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Objective To assess the independent relation between parental restrictions on mature-rated media (M-RM) and substance use among South American adolescents. Methods Cross-sectional school-based youth survey of n=3,172 students (mean age 12.8 years; 57.6% boys) in three large Argentinian cities. The anonymous survey queried tobacco, alcohol, and drug use using items adapted from global youth surveys. Adolescents reported M-RM restriction for internet and videogames use, television programming and movies rated for adults. Multivariate logistic regression models assessed the association between parental M-RM restriction and substance use after adjusting for hourly media use, measures of authoritative parenting style, sociodemographics, and sensation seeking. Results Substance use rates were 10% for current smoking, 32% for current drinking alcohol, 17% for past 30-day binge drinking, and 8% for illicit drug use (marijuana or cocaine). Half of respondents reported parental M-RM restriction (internet 52%, TV 43%, adult movies 34%, videogame 25%). Parental M-RM restriction was only modestly correlated with authoritative parenting measures. In multivariate analyses M-RM restriction on all four venues was strongly protective for all substance use outcomes. Compared with no restriction, odds ratios for substance use for full restrictions were 0.32 (0.18–0.59), 0.53 (0.38–0.07), 0.36 (0.22–0.59), and 0.49 (0.26–0.92) for current smoking, drinking, binge drinking, and illicit drug use respectively. The most important single M-RM venue was movies. Conclusion This study confirms the protective association between parental M-RM restriction during adolescence and multiple substance use outcomes, including illicit drugs. M-RM restriction is independent of traditional parenting measures. The preponderance of the evidence supports intervention development.

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Parental R-Rated Movie Restriction and Early-Onset Alcohol Use

Cited by 29 publications

References 41 publications

Influence of Motion Picture Rating on Adolescent Response to Movie Smoking

Influence of Motion Picture Rating on Adolescent Response to Movie Smoking

Alcohol Use in Films and Adolescent Alcohol Use

Parental Restriction of Mature-rated Media and Its Association With Substance Use Among Argentinean Adolescents

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