“…On average, fathers, especially first-time fathers, often feel underprepared for parenthood and report lower parenting self-efficacy than mothers across different periods of parenthood (Allport-Altillo et al, 2020;Cox, 2021;Deave & Johnson, 2008;Doucet, 2009;Elek et al, 2003;Eskandari et al, 2017;Garfield & Isacco, 2012;Hudson et al, 2001;Kowlessar et al, 2015;Shorey et al, 2017;Singley & Edwards, 2015;Venning et al, 2021). Nevertheless, similar to mothers, fathers' higher parenting self-efficacy have been found to be predictive of their: higher parenting satisfaction (Elek et al, 2003;Rochlen et al, 2008), lower parenting stress (Schoppe-Sullivan et al, 2021;Seah & Morawska, 2016), fewer affective symptoms (Ansari et al, 2021;Bamishigbin et al, 2020;Gross & Marcussen, 2017), higher child-rearing involvement (Kwok et al, 2013;Singley et al, 2018;Trahan, 2018), fewer negative parenting behaviors (Rominov et al, 2016;Ziv et al, 2020), as well as more This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers.…”