Parenteral, non-live rotavirus vaccine: recent history and future perspective

Abstract

Since the widespread introduction of oral and live attenuated rotavirus vaccines around the world in 2009, the impacts of disease burden and the effects of disease reduction in developing countries have been proven. However, in low and middle-income countries, the vaccine efficacy is somewhat lower than in developed countries due to differences in nutritional conditions, microbial environments of individuals, and other factors. In addition, as oral, live vaccines have been found to be associated with rare but serious side effects, the development of a next-generation vaccine with safety, improved effectiveness, and ease of storage is currently underway. New vaccine strain developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States are undergoing preclinical testing of efficacy, antigen dose, and administration route in the form of a heat-treated inactive vaccine, and a recombinant protein-based trivalent subunit vaccine developed by the Program for Appropriate Technology in Health is undergoing clinical trial in phase III. Several research groups are also developing non-replicating protein-based rotavirus vaccines using virus-like particles and nanoparticles. This review provides a brief overview of the development status and technology of parenteral, non-live rotavirus vaccines worldwide.

Novel mRNA-based VP8* vaccines against rotavirus are highly immunogenic in rodents

“…Such nanoparticle vaccine designs may provide enhanced antigen stability and/or immunogenicity 13 . Our LS-P2-VP8* design likely displays 60 P2-VP8* protrusions on its icosahedral nanoparticle surface.…”

“…The multimeric presentation of antigens in well-ordered arrays with defined orientations on a nanoparticle surface can resemble viral particles in size, shape, and clustering of the presented antigen. Such nanoparticle vaccine designs may provide enhanced antigen stability and/or immunogenicity 13 . Our LS-P2-VP8* design likely displays 60 P2-VP8* protrusions on its icosahedral nanoparticle surface.…”

“…The reason for the modest vaccine efficacy and effectiveness in LMICs is likely multifactorial and may also be related to the lower immunogenicity and efficacy of other oral vaccines demonstrated in these settings 4,[7][8][9] . With the additional, if low, risk of vaccination-associated intussusception reported for two live-attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines in post-marketing studies in high-and middle-income countries 10,11 , there is growing interest in the development of non-replicating parenteral vaccines that might overcome the limitations of current rotavirus vaccines [12][13][14] . The most advanced candidate in this category is the protein vaccine P2-VP8*, which was developed at the NIH 15,16 and later advanced clinically by PATH [17][18][19] to an ongoing phase 3 efficacy trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04010448).…”

Antiviral effects of Pediococcus acidilactici isolated from Tibetan mushroom and comparative genomic analysis

“…Approximately 215,000 infants and young children die from rotavirus infection worldwide each year, and most of these deaths occur in developing countries ( Mm et al, 1997 ). At present, there is no specific drug for rotavirus, and vaccination with a live attenuated vaccine is the most effective way to prevent and control rotavirus-induced diarrhoea, but the vaccine acceptance rate in developing countries is relatively low, so the disease has not been controlled ( Omatola et al, 2021 ; Song, 2021 ). Probiotics are a group of microorganisms that are beneficial to the host and can maintain the microecological balance of the host body, regulate the immune response, and reduce the occurrence of infectious diseases and intestinal inflammation.…”

Expression and Purification of Porcine Rotavirus Structural Proteins in Silkworm Larvae as a Vaccine Candidate

“…Now, some live-attenuated oral vaccines (Rotarix, RotaTeq, etc.) are available for human, but non-live rotavirus vaccines, for example, subunit vaccines, are demanded [ 23 ]. To develop vaccines to porcine rotavirus A, we try to prepare purified VP6 and VP7 in silkworm larvae as subunit vaccines.…”