Parenting Stress and Related Factors of Employed and Non-employed Mothers with Preschool Children

Yoon, Ji Won; Hwang, Rah Il; Cho, Hun Ha

doi:10.4069/kjwhn.2009.15.4.294

Cited by 16 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Parental anger, meanwhile, was associated with the employment status of mothers negatively, that is, employed mothers had less parental anger than unemployed mothers. This result is contrary to previous findings that working mothers feel guilty for not being able to adequately play the role of parents due to the overload of work and childcare (J.-N. Chung, 2016;S.-S. Park, 2004) while supporting studies reporting higher parenting stress among unemployed mothers (Kwon, 2011;Yoon, Hwang, & Cho, 2009). This can be attributed to the responsibility, social isolation, physical fatigue, and financial burden experienced among unemployed mothers who are fully responsible for raising their children.…”

Section: Relationships Between Parenting Anxiety Number Of Childrencontrasting

confidence: 88%

How Parenting Anxiety, Number of Children, and Employment Status Affect the Parental Anger of Mothers with Young Children in Korea

정¹,

김²

2020

Korean J Child Stud

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Objectives: A difficulty in controlling anger causes dissonance and injury among members of society, and hence the healthy expression of anger by parents with young children is important to the community health of the future society. This study aimed to investigate relationships between parenting anxiety, the number of children in a family, maternal employment status, and the parental anger of mothers, in order to identify the main variables explaining parental anger. Methods: The participants were 219 mothers of young children residing in Korea. The results of the Likert self-report by mothers were analyzed using descriptive, correlation, and multiple regression statistics. Results: First, the more anxiety from parenting the mother experienced, the more anger as a parent they expressed. Also, the more children the mothers had, the higher levels of anger they experienced. Unemployed mothers experienced significantly more impulsive anger than their employed counterparts. Secondly, the number of children, maternal employment status, and three anxiety factors related to parenting efficacy, attachment with a child, and worries about a child explained parental anger. Conclusion: Mothers with young children in Korea are more likely to pursue a united relationship between mother and child, suggesting that parenting anxiety, number of children, and maternal employment are important factors in the psychological wellbeing of Korean mothers of preschool children. Considering the importance of healthy mother-child relations and young children's learning of anger expression for the formation of a healthy community, support is critical to strengthen mothers' competence to manage parenting anxiety and anger expression.

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Section: Relationships Between Parenting Anxiety Number Of Childrencontrasting

confidence: 88%

How Parenting Anxiety, Number of Children, and Employment Status Affect the Parental Anger of Mothers with Young Children in Korea

정¹,

김²

2020

Korean J Child Stud

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“…Previous Korean studies have found that husbands' involvement levels, marital satisfaction, and satisfaction with the quality of child care are each negatively correlated with employed women's parenting stress (K. Kim & Cho, 2000;Moon, 2004;Yoon, Hwang, & Cho, 2009). In addition, our findings indicate that paid maternity leave is beneficial for infant development but is not a solution for promoting second-birth intentions of working mothers in Korea.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although we caution that correlation should not be confused with a causal relationship, this association indicates that reducing employed mothers' parenting stress levels may be a plausible solution for promoting female employees' fertility rates. Previous Korean studies have found that husbands' involvement levels, marital satisfaction, and satisfaction with the quality of child care are each negatively correlated with employed women's parenting stress (K. Kim & Cho, 2000;Moon, 2004;Yoon, Hwang, & Cho, 2009). Therefore, encouraging fathers' participation in child rearing, supporting marital enrichment, and increasing child-care quality may encourage employed women to have a second child by reducing the parenting stress associated with one's first child.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Paid Maternity Leave Affect Infant Development and Second‐Birth Intentions?

Hwang

Jung

2016

Family Relations

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Given the economic implications of a low‐fertility rate, many countries have implemented paid maternity leave to promote births. However, the efficacy of this policy is mostly unknown. We examined whether paid maternity leave in South Korea, which has a fertility rate among the lowest in the world, is directly related to infant development and employed mothers' second‐birth intentions, and indirectly associated with these outcomes via parenting stress. Participants included 315 married and employed Korean mothers in the months after giving birth to their first child. Paid maternity leave was beneficial for infant development but was not a solution for promoting second‐birth intentions among employed mothers in Korea. Parenting stress adversely affected both infant development and employed mothers' second‐birth intentions, and it may therefore need to be considered as work–family policies, fertility issues, and infant development in families are addressed. Implications considering cultural and familial contexts are discussed.

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“…Because we selected only unemployed and married mothers and over 90% of study infants are first-born infants, our results may not be generalizable to the entire Korean population. We attempted to clearly demonstrate the effects of paternal involvement by controlling for the maternal variable, because maternal employment affects maternal parenting stress [32] and a child’s neurodevelopmental outcomes [33, 34]. Our results cannot be applied to infants with specific medical issues.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paternal involvement and early infant neurodevelopment: the mediation role of maternal parenting stress

et al. 2016

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BackgroundFather–child interactions are associated with improved developmental outcomes among infants. However, to the best of our knowledge, no study has addressed the effects of paternal involvement on the neurodevelopment of infants who are less than 6 months of age, and no study has reported how maternal parenting stress mediates the relationship between paternal involvement and infant neurodevelopment during early infancy. This study investigates the direct and indirect relationship between paternal involvement and infant neurodevelopment at 3–4 months of age. The indirect relationship was assessed through the mediating factor of maternal parenting stress.MethodsThe participants were recruited through the Sesalmaul Research Center’s website from April to June 2014. The final data included 255 mothers and their healthy infants, who were aged 3–4 months. The mothers reported paternal involvement and maternal parenting stress by using Korean Parenting Alliance Inventory (K-PAI) and Parenting Stress Index (PSI), respectively. Experts visited the participants’ homes to observe infant neurodevelopment, and completed a developmental examination using Korean version of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire II (K-ASQ II). A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used for data analysis.ResultsInfants’ mean ages were 106 days and girls accounted for 46.3%. The mean total scores (reference range) of the K-PAI, PSI, and the K-ASQ II were 55.5 (17–68), 45.8 (25–100), and 243.2 (0–300), respectively. Paternal involvement had a positive relationship with K-ASQ II scores (β = 0.29, p < 0.001) at 3–4 months of age, whereas maternal parenting stress was negatively related with K-ASQ II scores (β = −0.32, p < 0.001). Maternal parenting stress mediated the relationship between paternal involvement and early infant neurodevelopment (Z = 3.24, p < 0.001). A hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that paternal involvement reduced maternal parenting stress (β = −0.25, p < 0.001), which led to positive infant outcomes (β = 0.23, p < 0.001).ConclusionsPaternal involvement is significantly associated with infant neurodevelopment during early infancy, and maternal parenting stress partially mediates that association. This result emphasizes the importance of fathers’ involvement and mothers’ parenting stress on early infant neurodevelopment.

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Parenting Stress and Related Factors of Employed and Non-employed Mothers with Preschool Children

Cited by 16 publications

References 13 publications

How Parenting Anxiety, Number of Children, and Employment Status Affect the Parental Anger of Mothers with Young Children in Korea

How Parenting Anxiety, Number of Children, and Employment Status Affect the Parental Anger of Mothers with Young Children in Korea

Does Paid Maternity Leave Affect Infant Development and Second‐Birth Intentions?

Paternal involvement and early infant neurodevelopment: the mediation role of maternal parenting stress

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