Parenting styles and emerging adult drug use in Cebu, the Philippines

Abstract

Parenting style is a potent and malleable influence on emerging adult substance use. Most of the parenting-substance use literature has been conducted in Western populations and it is unknown whether findings are generalizable to other cultures and contexts. We extended the parenting-substance use literature to a cohort of emerging adults in the Philippines using the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey. We assessed associations between mothers’ and fathers’ parenting styles (authoritative, permissive, authoritarian, and neglectful) reported by offspring at age 18 and odds of offspring-reported drug use three years later, adjusted for a range of offspring- and parent/household-level characteristics. Females were dropped from analyses due to low prevalence of drug users. We found that many emerging adults in Cebu reported having used drugs, particularly methamphetamine—a dangerous drug with high abuse potential. Authoritative (warm, firm) mothering was significantly associated with sons’ reduced odds of drug use and neglectful fathering was related at a trend level with sons’ increased odds of having tried drugs. Findings underscore the relation of parenting styles to emerging adults’ drug use and add to the literature on cross-cultural variability in parenting styles.

Protective Factors and Biological Sex Differentiate Profiles of Teen Substance Users in Myanmar

“…Our finding that profiles of substance users differed for the males and females in our study is consistent with other research with Asian populations (Hock et al, 2016; Lee & Kim, 2017). Like Lee and Kim’s study (2017), our study found that more males than females were likely to land in substance user profiles greater than “low use.” In contrast to other research, however, both profiles for males and females evidenced a unique class of users (glue/over-the-counter medication users for females; poly drug users for males) that accounted for approximately one in seven high school students.…”

Parenting styles and emerging adult depressive symptoms in Cebu, the Philippines

“…While we did not find a significant association between paternal parenting style and emerging adult offspring depressive symptoms in this study, fathers' parenting style is likely still meaningful to other indices of adjustment in this population. In another study, we reported that neglectful fathering style was related to increased odds of sons' drug use (Hock et al, 2016). Future research on parenting styles and offspring mental health should further explore gender differences.…”

“…In the context of the Philippines, the family unit is highly valued and influential in young people's lives (Medina, 2001). Previous research in the Philippines has found that parenting styles predicted adolescent educational attainment (Hindin, 2005) and emerging adult substance use (Hock et al, 2016), and that problematic family dynamics (e.g., parental domestic violence) predicted adolescent depressive symptoms (Hindin & Gultiano, 2006). Hindin (2005) found that the permissive parenting style was the style most commonly reported in this cohort in the Philippines and that adolescent boys were more likely to complete secondary school if they had authoritative or permissive mothers than if they had authoritarian or neglectful mothers (Hindin, 2005).…”

“…The categories were derived from the adolescents' responses, such that parents reported to be both close and strict were categorized as ''authoritative,'' parents that were reported to be close and not strict were categorized as ''permissive,'' parents that were reported to be strict and not close were categorized as ''authoritarian,'' and parents that were reported to be neither strict nor close were categorized as ''neglectful.'' This four-category measure has been used to assess parenting styles in two earlier studies of parenting styles and adolescent educational attainment and drug use in the CLHNS (Hindin, 2005;Hock et al, 2016).…”

Parenting style and its effect on eating disorders and substance abuse across the young population

“…The data concurred with Enten and Golan [ 41 ] stating that dietary habits and body image are affected by parenting, familial milieu, parent–child bonding and communication. Haines et al [ 47 ] demonstrated a low association (AOR = 0.73, CI = 0.60–0.88) between highly functioning families and obesity among the children, and Hock et al [ 50 ] posited the father–youth bonding to be of utmost importance in shielding against substance abuse.…”