Parents HRQOL, Their Satisfaction with Care, and Children Over the Age of Eight’s Experiences of Family Support Two Years Subsequent to the Child’s Diagnosis with Type 1 Diabetes

The psychosocial experience and needs of children newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes from their own perspective: a systematic and narrative review

“…Furthermore, cohesiveness and expressiveness were found to be more important to glycaemic control than were rules and structures [23]. Another study showed a correlation between children's experience of family support in the domain 'warmth-caring support' and better metabolic control, as measured by HbA 1c [34].…”

“…Twenty-five quantitative articles were included in the final analysis. Seventeen studies were conducted in the USA [5,11,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33], five in Sweden [34][35][36][37][38], one in Israel [4] and two in Switzerland [39,40] (Table 4). Three studies were published more than 30 years ago [4,11,19], 10 were published between 20 and 30 years ago [5,[20][21][22][23][24]29,31,35,37], four were published between 10 and 20 years ago [28,30,38,39] and eight were published within the past 10 years [25][26][27][32][33][34]...…”

“…Three studies were published more than 30 years ago [4,11,19], 10 were published between 20 and 30 years ago [5,[20][21][22][23][24]29,31,35,37], four were published between 10 and 20 years ago [28,30,38,39] and eight were published within the past 10 years [25][26][27][32][33][34]40,41]. Eighteen studies were longitudinal [4,5,11,19,21,[23][24][25][26][27][30][31][32][33][34]36,37,40], two were cross-sectional [28,39] and another two were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) [20,35].…”

“…One year later, there were no differences in psychosocial status between the two groups Sundelin et al 1996 [35] No significant differences on psychological effects, between treatment with a multi-disciplinary, family-oriented, crisis intervention programme and control Thernlund et al 1996 [37] Initial high injection anxiety and protest, combined with low general distress, were associated with better metabolic control. High initial distress tended to persist Grey et al 1997 [24] More use of avoidance behaviours and poorer self-care were associated with poorer overall adjustment, 1 year following diagnosis Charron-Prochownik and Kovacs 2000 [30] No association was found between maternal health-related coping patterns and subsequent child hospitalization or subsequent psychopathology in the child with diabetes Landolt et al 2003 [39] Children with diabetes showed the lowest rates of PTSS (5.4%) compared to cancer (10.0%) and accidents (14.6%) Tiberg et al 2010 [38] Girls with more than one family stress factor at diagnosis had higher mean HbA 1c at 6, 12 and 24 months compared to girls with less family stress Antal et al 2011 [28] More than half of children had experienced significant injection distress, persisting on average for 8.37 months, with 30% of children experiencing injection distress for 1 year or more following diabetes diagnosis Cline et al 2011 [25] At >3 days following diagnosis no children met full diagnostic criteria for ASD, while 5% met partial criteria for ASD Howe et al 2011 [26] At diagnosis, 41% of children reported fear and 23% reported pain with insulin injections Schwartz et al 2011 [27] Of all families, 58.7% fell in the low-risk category (at or below the median number of risk factors), 33.9% had moderate risk (4-7 risk factors), and 7.4% were in the high-risk category (≥8 risk factors) Landolt et al 2012 [40] At 5-6 weeks post-diagnosis, the incidence of moderate to severe PTSS in children with diabetes was 4.3% J€ onsson et al 2015 [41] Younger children (5-7 years) and their parents reported more worry compared to older children and their parents J€ onsson et al 2016 [34] Two years following diagnosis, there was a correlation between family support (warmth-caring) and children's HbA1c (after one outlier was found and removed) McGill et al 2018 [32] CDI scores were similar in the new-onset and pump groups. In both groups depressive symptoms decreased over time.…”

The Impact of Family Strengths Oriented Therapeutic Conversations on Parents of Children with a New Chronic Illness Diagnosis

“…Parenting a child with a chronic illness or disorder does not affect all families the same way. While families are different, they all need support that is tailored to their child and situation (L. Jönsson et al, 2016; Shajani & Snell, 2019).…”