Parents of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder

Abstract

SynopsisFamily histories obtained from 27 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder failed to find a single parent with the disorder. To augment the family history data the Leyton Obsessional Inventory was completed by a subset of 10 patients and by their 20 parents. Although as a group parents showed lower Leyton Obsessional Inventory symptom scores than their obsessional offspring, 3 parents who had not been identified by family history were distinguished by high symptom scores in the absence of significant resistance or interference.

Cognitive-Behavioral Family Treatment of Childhood Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Controlled Trial

“…There were no significant differences across groups on any of the sociodemographic or pretreatment variables. Open trial CBT ± drug M = 12.5 sessions (Silverman & Albano, 1996); BT = behavioral therapy; CBCL = Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach, 1991); GFES = Global Family Environment Scale; CBT = cognitive-behavioral therapy; CDI = Children's Depression Inventory (Kovacs, 1992); CGAS = Children's Global Assessment Scale (Schaffer et al, 1983); CGI = Clinical Global Impression ratings (NIMH, 1985); COIS = Child Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Impact Scale (Piacentini and Jaffer, 1999); CY-BOCS = Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Goodman et al, 1989a,b); E/RP = exposure and response prevention; FAD = Family Assessment Device (Epstein et al, 1983); FAS = Family Accommodation Scale (Calvocoressi et al, 1995); f/u = follow-up assessment; Hamilton = Hamilton Depression Scale (Hamilton, 1960); K-SADS = Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (Ambrosini, 1988); MASC = Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (March, 1997); MASC-OC = Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children, Obsessive-Compulsive screen (March, 1997); NIMH GOCS = National Institute of Mental Health Global Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Insel et al, 1983); OCD = obsessive-compulsive disorder; ODD = oppositional defiant disorder; PSI = Parenting Stress Index (Abidin, 1995); RCMAS = Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (Reynolds and Richmond, 1978); Y-BOCS = Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Goodman et al, 1989a,b).…”

“…The National Institute of Mental Health Global ObsessiveCompulsive Scale (NIMH GOCS) (Insel et al, 1983) is a clinicianrated device that consists of a single item measuring global diagnostic severity on a scale from 1 (minimal symptoms, within normal range) to 15 (very severe). The GOCS also provides a scale of global improvement, ranging from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse), with 4 indicating no change.…”

“…Across analyses, variation in sample sizes was largely attributable to the failure of parents to return selfreport measures at each time point, in addition to Note: CBFT = cognitive-behavioral family-based therapy; CDI = Children's Depression Inventory (Kovacs, 1992); MASC = Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (March, 1997); NIMH GOCS = National Institute of Mental Health Global Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Insel et al, 1983); Improvement = NIMH GOCS improvement ratings (i.e., not available at pretreatment ;Insel et al, 1983); NA = not applicable. Main effect for time is denoted by asterisks beside the measure name.…”

“…There were no Note: CDI = Children's Depression Inventory (Kovacs, 1992); CY-BOCS = Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Goodman et al, 1989a,b); FAD = Family Assessment Device (Epstein et al, 1983); MASC = Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (March, 1997); NIMH GOCS = National Institute of Mental Health Global Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Insel et al, 1983). Main effect for time is denoted by asterisks beside the measure name.…”

Convulsive Tic Disorder Georges Gilles de la Tourette, Guinon and Grasset on the Phenomenology and Psychopathology of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome

“…Thus in GTS patients abnormalities in the basal ganglia and frontal cingulate and possibly insular cortex have been reported (Chase et at., 1984(Chase et at., , 1986, while non-specific frontal abnormalities (Behar et at., 1984, Garber et at., 1989 and basal ganglia dysfunction, especially in the caudate nucleus, and orbito-fronta1 cortex have been suggested as of aetiological importance in OCD (Laplane et at., 1981(Laplane et at., , 1982Baxter et at., 1987;Luxenberg et at., 1988;Williams et at., 1988;Swedo et at., 1989). Further evidence for the link comes from the fact that there are studies indicating that genetic factors may be important in both the aetiology of OCD (Luxenburger, 1930;Lewis, 1935;Brown, 1942;Kringlen, 1965;Rosenberg, 1967;Carey, 1978;Insel et at., 1983;Rasmussen and Tsuang, 1986;Lenane et at., 1988; and GTS (KurIan et at., 1986(KurIan et at., , 1987Robertson and Gourdie, 1990;Robertson and Trimble, 1990). However, further work in the area is needed to know the exact genetic mechanisms involved in GTS and OCD, and whether OCD is related genetically and phenomenologically to GTS.…”