Parity as a Determinant of Birth Weight in the Rhesus Monkey

Sprankel, H.

doi:10.1159/000155027

Cited by 44 publications

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“…[95] The mottled sculpin not only props itself up to feed above eye level, but it also changes the elevation of the anal fin to rotate the head down for feeding along, or even within, the substrate. [55,[97][98][99] Tamandua anteaters, if attacked while in a tree, assume a tripod stance to free up their clawed hands for defense. [95] The tripod stance is also widely used among arboreal taxa for stabilization during various activities and is also considered a standardized primate posture.…”

Section: The Tripod Stance Is Widely Used In the Animal Kingdommentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[70] Phalangerid possums, scaly-tailed squirrels, and tarsiers use their tails, which have ridges or scales on the ventral surface to increase friction, as props during arboreal activity. [55,[97][98][99] Tamandua anteaters, if attacked while in a tree, assume a tripod stance to free up their clawed hands for defense. [79] Certain species of woodpeckers, treecreepers, woodcreepers, and swifts have stiffened tail feathers, which they press against the tree trunk as a prop in order to stabilize themselves while foraging for food ( Figure 2c).…”

Section: The Tripod Stance Is Widely Used In the Animal Kingdommentioning

confidence: 99%

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Three‐Legged Locomotion and the Constraints on Limb Number: Why Tripeds Don’t Have a Leg to Stand On

Thomson

2019

BioEssays

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Three-legged animals do not exist today and such an animal is not found in the fossil record. Which constraints operate to result in the lack of a triped phenotype? Consideration of animal locomotion and robotic studies suggests that physical constraints would not prevent a triped from being functional or advantageous. As is reviewed here, the strongest constraint on the evolution of a triped is phylogenetic: namely, the early genetic adoption of a bilaterally symmetrical body plan occurring before the advent of limbs. Presumably, this would greatly constrain any three-legged animal from ever evolving. Tripedalism is employed only by a few animals, but many use a tripod stance while engaged in a variety of activities. Because terms are often used interchangeably in the literature, a standardization of locomotion terminology is proposed. Understanding the constraints behind "forbidden" phenotypes forces us to confront gaps in our evolutionary understanding of which we may be unaware.

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Section: The Tripod Stance Is Widely Used In the Animal Kingdommentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Tripod Stance Is Widely Used In the Animal Kingdommentioning

confidence: 99%

Three‐Legged Locomotion and the Constraints on Limb Number: Why Tripeds Don’t Have a Leg to Stand On

Thomson

2019

BioEssays

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“…Additionally, mice with surgically removed tails that were trained to walk on small poles exhibited increased "hind limb prehension" (i.e., foot grasping) to maintain balance and reportedly fell significantly more often than control mice (Siegel, 1970:101). Indeed, previous work demonstrates that arboreal mammals employ their tails as a prop or counterbalance during certain postures, and as a stabilizer during quadrupedal locomotion (Horner, 1954;SprAnkel, 1965;Wilson, 1972;Rose, 1974;Grand, 1977;Rodman, 1979;Walker et al, 1998;Larson and Stern, 2006;Stevens et al, 2008). For example, arboreal quadrupeds may employ lateral tail movements (i.e., abduction) during locomotion to create oppositely directed angular momentum that can reorient the body's center of mass, particularly during moments of imbalance (e.g., Macaca, Larson and Stern, 2006; see also Wada et al, 1993 for tail movements in terrestrial quadrupeds).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postsacral Vertebral Morphology in Relation to Tail Length Among Primates and Other Mammals

Russo

2014

The Anatomical Record

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Tail reduction/loss independently evolved in a number of mammalian lineages, including hominoid primates. One prerequisite to appropriately contextualizing its occurrence and understanding its significance is the ability to track evolutionary changes in tail length throughout the fossil record. However, to date, the bony correlates of tail length variation among living taxa have not been comprehensively examined. This study quantifies postsacral vertebral morphology among living primates and other mammals known to differ in relative tail length (RTL). Linear and angular measurements with known biomechanical significance were collected on the first, mid-, and transition proximal postsacral vertebrae, and their relationship with RTL was assessed using phylogenetic generalized leastsquares regression methods. Compared to shorter-tailed primates, longertailed primates possess a greater number of postsacral vertebral features associated with increased proximal tail flexibility (e.g., craniocaudally longer vertebral bodies), increased intervertebral body joint range of motion (e.g., more circularly shaped cranial articular surfaces), and increased leverage of tail musculature (e.g., longer spinous processes). These observations are corroborated by the comparative mammalian sample, which shows that distantly related short-tailed (e.g., Phascolarctos, Lynx) and long-tailed (e.g., Dendrolagus, Acinonyx) nonprimate mammals morphologically converge with short-tailed (e.g., Macaca tonkeana) and long-tailed (e.g., Macaca fascicularis) primates, respectively. Multivariate models demonstrate that the variables examined account for 70% (all mammals) to 94% (only primates) of the variance in RTL. Results of this study may be used to infer the tail lengths of extinct primates and other mammals, thereby improving our understanding about the evolution of tail reduction/ loss. Anat Rec, 298:354-375, 2015. V C 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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“…Tarsier eyes are not only relatively larger than those of any primate, but in addition the average volume of a single eyeball equals the average value of cranial capacity typical of the genus (Castenholz 1984;Sprankel 1965;Starck 1953Starck , 1984. The orbital region of tarsiers exhibits an unusual discrepancy between eye volume and orbit volume, the bony orbit covering only about a half of the protruding eyeball (Castenholz 1984).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Orbit Size on Aspects of the Tarsier Postorbital Septum

Savakova

Dagosto

2010

Int J Primatol

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Explanations invoking the complex mechanical effects of orbital enlargement in Tarsius have been extended to several areas of the skull, including the conformation of the postorbital septum. The strong cline in the degree of relative orbital enlargement across tarsier species groups presents an unexploited opportunity to test such scenarios. Our goal is to evaluate hypotheses concerning the impact of orbital hypertrophy on the size of specific components of the postorbital region including the frontal, zygomatic, alisphenoid, and maxillary bones. The frontal process is almost always viewed as a functional projection whose bracing role requires a positive morphometric association with orbital hypertrophy. Conversely, the periorbital expansion of the zygomatic is often perceived as functionally unrelated to orbital enlargement and therefore is not expected to track increases in relative orbit size. Interpretations of the alisphenoid and maxillary periorbital processes range from vestigial remnants of once larger structures reduced because of ocular enlargement to structures large in tarsiers because of their functionally relevant role in supporting the enlarged ocular apparatus. We measured these attributes in an extensive sample of 4 tarsier species groups including Tarsius bancanus, T. syrichta, T. spectrum, and T. pumilus. In contrast to proposed functional interpretations, our results indicate that variation in most linear parameters might be better explained by differences in body size than intrageneric differences in orbit size. As expected, width of the zygomatic postorbital contribution does not parallel intrageneric variation in orbit size. However, morphometric relationships between relative orbit size and other parts of the septum are complex but not clearly associated with orbit size differences within Tarsius.

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Parity as a Determinant of Birth Weight in the Rhesus Monkey

Cited by 44 publications

References 0 publications

Three‐Legged Locomotion and the Constraints on Limb Number: Why Tripeds Don’t Have a Leg to Stand On

Three‐Legged Locomotion and the Constraints on Limb Number: Why Tripeds Don’t Have a Leg to Stand On

Postsacral Vertebral Morphology in Relation to Tail Length Among Primates and Other Mammals

Influence of Orbit Size on Aspects of the Tarsier Postorbital Septum

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