Parked Cars are Excellent Roadside Units

Reis, André B.; Sargento, Susana; Tonguz, O.K.

doi:10.1109/tits.2017.2655498

Cited by 45 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 16 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Eckhoff et al [5] introduced a novel scheme to emit cooperative awareness messages at low vehicle densities periodically, and used the Manhattan grid model to simulate the street environment as well as gave the obstacle model. In [10], Reis et al found parked cars could indeed serve both as RSUs and an extension to vehicular infrastructure deployments. Besides, the work investigated how to select a suitable parked car to be an RSU, and proposed an on-line algorithm to maximize the coverage by activating the least parked cars.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Then w sri = N0 2Ps , w rid = N0 2Pri . Because the K 1 (x) function converges to 1/x when x approaches zero, the formula (10) can be simplified to…”

Section: A Outage Probability Of the Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One way to overcome it is to deploy roadside units (RSUs) alongside roads, which brings high installation and maintenance costs. Therefore, some researchers proposed the idea of regarding parked cars as temporary RSUs [10], [11]. Besides, parked cars can also be used as computation nodes in urban computing [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

End to end performance analysis of relay cooperative communication based on parked cars

Sun

Wang

Bai

et al. 2018

2018 20th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT)

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Parking lots (PLs) are usually full with cars. If these cars are formed into a self-organizing vehicular network, they can be new kind of road side units (RSUs) in urban area to provide communication data forwarding between mobile terminals nearby and a base station. However cars in PLs can leave at any time, which is neglected in the existing studies. In this study, we investigate relay cooperative communication based on parked cars in PLs. Taking the impact of the car's leaving behavior into consideration, we derive the expressions of outage probability in a two-hop cooperative communication and its link capacity. Finally, the numerical results show that the impact of a car's arriving time is greater than the impact of its parking duration on outage probability.

show abstract

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Then w sri = N0 2Ps , w rid = N0 2Pri . Because the K 1 (x) function converges to 1/x when x approaches zero, the formula (10) can be simplified to…”

Section: A Outage Probability Of the Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

End to end performance analysis of relay cooperative communication based on parked cars

Sun

Wang

Bai

et al. 2018

2018 20th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT)

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Additionally, parked vehicles may act as RSUs and they can facilitate data traffic routing (e.g. safety messages broadcast) along with the existing dedicates RSUs in urban vehicular networks [36]. By doing so, additional expenses for deploying dedicates RSUs can be avoided successfully.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating TCP performance of routing protocols for traffic exchange in street-parked vehicles based fog computing infrastructure

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

As most vehicles remain parked 95% of its time, this suggests that leveraging the use of On-board Units (OBUs) in parked vehicles would provide communication and computation services to other mobile and fixed nodes for delivery of services such as multimedia streaming, data storage and data processing. The nearby vehicles can form an infrastructure using IEEE 802.11p communication interface, facilitating communication, computation and storage services to the end users. We refer to this as a Vehicular Fog Computing (VFC) infrastructure. In this study, using NS-2 simulator, we investigate how six routing protocols consisting of two proactive routing protocols, Destination Sequence Destination Vector (DSDV) and Fisheye State Routing (FSR); two reactive routing protocols, Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR); and two geographic routing protocols, Distance Routing Effect Algorithm for Mobility (DREAM) and Location Aided Routing (LAR) perform when forwarding TCP traffic among the parked vehicles that form a VFC infrastructure in an urban street parking scenario. In order to reflect an urban street parking scenario, we consider a traffic mobility traces that are generated using SUMO in our simulation. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first effort to understand how vehicle density, vehicle speed and parking duration can influence TCP in an urban street parking scenario when packet forwarding decision is made using proactive, reactive and geographic routing protocols. In our performance evaluation, positive results are observed on the influence of parking duration in parked vehicles as TCP performance in all routing protocols increases with longer parking duration. However, variable speed in parked vehicles and moving vehicles in an urban street parking scenario may not have significant influence on TCP performance, especially in case of reactive and proactive routing protocols. Further, our findings reveal that vehicle density in a VFC infrastructure can noticeably influence TCP performance. Towards the end of the paper, we delineate some important future research issues in order to improve routing performance in a street-parked vehicle based VFC infrastructure.

show abstract

“…Vehicles that park in urban areas can be leveraged to take on the roles of fixed roadside units, positioning themselves as an effective alternative to costly deployments of network infrastructure. Research shows that parked cars equipped with 802.11p technology are able to self-organize and create a vehicular support network in an urban area, replacing or augmenting existing roadside units [9], [10]. Such a vehicular support network, created from parked cars, is able to serve an important role in achieving the vision of a Smarter City: the ubiquity of parked cars in the urban area allows them to form widespread mesh networks, while their On-Board Unit (OBU) hardware lets them be aware of nearby vehicle activity and monitor the city's transportation resources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smarter Cities with Parked Cars as Roadside Units

Reis¹,

Sargento²,

Tonguz³

2017

Preprint

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Real-time monitoring of traffic density, road congestion, public transportation, and parking availability are key to realizing the vision of a smarter city and, with the advent of vehicular networking technologies such as IEEE 802.11p and WAVE, this information can now be gathered directly from the vehicles in an urban area. To act as a backbone to the network of moving vehicles, collecting, aggregating, and disseminating their information, the use of parked cars has been proposed as an alternative to costly deployments of fixed Roadside Units.In this paper, we introduce novel mechanisms for parking vehicles to self-organize and form efficient vehicular support networks that provide widespread coverage to a city. These mechanisms are innovative in their ability to keep the network of parked cars under continuous optimization, in their multi-criteria decision process that can be focused on key network performance metrics, and in their ability to manage the battery usage of each car, rotating roadside unit roles between vehicles as required. We also present the first comprehensive study of the performance of such an approach, via realistic modeling of mobility, parking, and communication, thorough simulations, and an experimental verification of concepts that are key to self-organization. Our analysis brings strong evidence that parked cars can serve as an alternative to fixed roadside units, and organize to form networks that can support smarter transportation and mobility.

show abstract

Parked Cars are Excellent Roadside Units

Cited by 45 publications

References 16 publications

End to end performance analysis of relay cooperative communication based on parked cars

End to end performance analysis of relay cooperative communication based on parked cars

Evaluating TCP performance of routing protocols for traffic exchange in street-parked vehicles based fog computing infrastructure

Smarter Cities with Parked Cars as Roadside Units

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About