Parkinson's Disease: Current Status, Diagnosis, and Treatment Using Nanomedicines

Abstract

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, and highly neurodegenerative disorder with complex pathological processes. The features for neuropathological identification of PD include α‐synuclein (α‐syn) protein aggregates, oxidative stress, metal ion dyshomeostasis, neurotransmitter deficiencies, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Currently, no definite treatment paradigm can completely cure PD patients, which is increasing globally over the past few decades. The existence of the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) restricts the conventional treatment processes and makes the therapeutic delivery to the brain a bit more challenging. Therefore, developing new useful medicines for improving brain distribution is vital to overcome BBB and helping the early diagnosis and treatment of PD. In this review, the current limitations of conventional drugs are highlighted and the development of new medicines to overcome such limitations is covered. This work will provide insight into the direction for designing novel efficient nanomedicines for the early diagnosis and treatment of PD.

Procedure Optimization for Green Synthesis of Magnetic‐Copper Nanoparticles by Aqueous Alcea Medicinal Plant Extract and Their Photocatalytic Properties

“…By using new methods of synthesis, antibacterial nanoparticles can even be used against antibiotic-resistant bacteria and control them. [8][9][10][11][12] These particles destroy bacteria in different ways, so bacteria cannot easily become resistant to them. [7,13] The science of nanotechnology has developed to such an extent that today commercial products with nanotechnology are expanding significantly.…”

“…It should be noted that with the development of various sciences such as nanoscience and the use of nanoparticles, many pharmaceutical and medical advances are ahead. By using new methods of synthesis, antibacterial nanoparticles can even be used against antibiotic‐resistant bacteria and control them [8–12] . These particles destroy bacteria in different ways, so bacteria cannot easily become resistant to them [7,13] .…”

Nanocellulose aerogels as 3D amyloid templates

“…While historically associated solely with diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, 1 amyloid proteins also perform useful and vital functions in various organisms. 2 Fungal hydrophobins, for example, allow the organism to attach to host substrates, form aerial structures, and protect fungal spores from the host immune system.…”