Parkinson's disease motor subtypes and mood

Abstract

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Factors associated with motor complications in Parkinson's disease

“…This association remained significant even after including possible confounders, such as duration of PD and levodopa therapy, to the second model. Patients with nontremor‐dominant types of PD are characterized as being more often depressed and having a more severe clinical picture, higher LEDD, and longer disease duration than patients with tremor‐dominant subtype (Burn et al., 2012). In a recent case‐control study in Italy investigating the relationship between clinical phenotype and the risk of developing dyskinesias, a significant negative association between tremor‐dominant phenotype as an initial PD manifestation and levodopa‐induced dyskinesia was established (Nicoletti et al., 2016).…”

The spectrum of nonmotor symptoms in early Parkinson disease

“…11 Furthermore, when considering motor subtypes of PD, patients with the so-called postural instability gait difficulty (PIGD) subtype have been reported to experience depression more frequently and develop more rapid cognitive decline, compared with non-PIGD subtypes. 12,13 Because of the broad range of NMS, studies have employed a variety of screening tools and questionnaires to capture the frequency and severity of these symptoms. A significant advance has been the development and validation of a PD-specific screening questionnaire, the Nonmotor Symptom Questionnaire (NMSQuest), a 30-item questionnaire with screening questions for neuropsychiatric, sleep, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, sensory, and cognitive disturbances.…”

Prevalence, impact, and management of depression and anxiety in patients with Parkinson’s disease

“…91 Studies have consistently found an association between anxiety, younger age of onset of PD, and presence of motor fluctuations. 5,85,92,93 In addition, there seems to be a link between wearing off of dopaminergic medications and increased anxiety. 48,93,94 etiology Anxiety in PD may be driven by the psychosocial stress of having the disease, 95 including social shame related to tremulousness and disability, being dependent on another person, fear of falling, and motor fluctuations.…”

“…Akinetic rigid/PiGD motor subtype 25,[34][35][36] Motor fluctuations 5,85,92,93,104 Younger onset 87,104 Motor fluctuations 39,104 Younger disease onset 38,39,41 Right-sided motor asymmetry [41][42][43] Female sex 45 History of premorbid depression 45 Family history of depression 45 worse disability/poor cognition …”