Parkinsonism as the presenting manifestation of lupus: A case-based review

Abstract

Introduction Neuropsychiatric manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) occur in about half of the patients; however, movement disorders like Parkinsonism are rare. We describe a case of SLE who presented solely with features of Parkinsonism. Case report 50-year-old female presented with global slowing of movements and slowing of speech since 2 months. On examination, she had mask-like facies with a faint malar rash sparing the nasolabial folds, hard palate ulcer, cog-wheel rigidity, and proximal muscle weakness. Lab evaluation revealed lymphopenia, high ESR, elevated lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine phosphokinase, AST, and ALT levels. She had high anti-dsDNA levels with low complements. Urinalysis showed proteinuria and hematuria. ANA was positive at a titer of 1:320, and she had positive anti-ribosomal-P antibody. She had severe flare with a SLEDAI of 33. She was treated with pulse IV methylprednisolone followed by cyclophosphamide (NIH protocol). At 4 weeks follow-up, she had dramatic improvement in her Parkinsonian symptoms and her proximal muscle weakness. Discussion The prevalence of movement disorders in cases of neuropsychiatric SLE is very low at 0.7%, with chorea being most frequent and Parkinsonism rare. The pathogenesis is multifactorial including anti-dopaminergic antibodies or associated anti-phospholipids causing microvascular thrombosis or vasculitis of the thalamostriatal arteries or disease activity itself. As in our case, immunosuppression and optimal treatment of active lupus reverts symptoms in most cases. Conclusion A high index of suspicion needs to be exercised in cases of SLE presenting with Parkinsonism as adequate immunosuppression translates to near-complete recovery.