Parkinsonism: The Hyposmia and Phantosmia Connection

Carbonic Anhydrase I, II, and VI, Blood Plasma, Erythrocyte and Saliva Zinc and Copper Increase After Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

“…Other treatment techniques have been reported to improve smell acuity,105,106 smell recognition,106 and phantosmia105 in patients with Parkinson disease. As noted earlier, rTMS has been used to treat several neurologic disorders, including multiple sclerosis,11–13 Alzheimer disease,14,15 and Parkinson disease,17–20 and changes in several neurotransmitters and neuroactive moieties in the brain, blood serum, and saliva accompanied this procedure 19–46.…”

“…Although clinical changes in taste and smell function have not been reported after rTMS in patients with neurodegenerative disorders, other specific therapies have been reported to be successful in improving taste and/or smell dysfunction in patients with Parkinson disease by some105,106 but not by other107 investigators.…”

Management of long‐lasting phantosmia: a systematic review

“…Although phantosmia is often seen in patients who have lost olfactory ability, it is also found in people with a normal sense of smell. The cause of phantosmia is not completely understood, but it may be attributed to a number of etiologies, including chronic rhinosinusitis, intracranial hemorrhage, epilepsy, psychiatric conditions, neurologic disorders, iatrogenic causes, and neurologic and neurodegenerative disorders . Furthermore, peripheral and central causes of phantosmia have been described.…”

“…Until a better consensus can be achieved, we suggest that providers begin with a multidisciplinary and comprehensive diagnostic work‐up for patients presenting with phantosmia. This work‐up should include a smell test to determine the extent of olfactory dysfunction; magnetic resonance imaging to rule out neoplasm, sinus disease, or cerebrovascular disease; and a neurologic examination to evaluate for memory loss, seizures, or motor and sensory impairment given that phantosmia may be an early indication of neurocognitive disorders . Altogether, an extensive work‐up is indicated as medical therapy may depend on the underlying cause of a patient's phantosmia, and success rates for medical therapy may also vary in this regard.…”

Idiopathic Phantosmia: Outcome and Clinical Significance

“…Recent reports have shown that some patients who developed PD have experienced phantosmia very early in the course of the disease [3,20,21] . However, phantosmia seems to be rather rare in PD.…”