Parks-people conflicts: the case of Gonarezhou National Park and the Chitsa community in south-east Zimbabwe

Mombeshora, Solomon; Bel, Sébastien Le

doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0174-8_5

Cited by 17 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Elsewhere, the park borders Malapati Safari Area, Malilangwe private wildlife reserve and communal land. Coincident with the occupation of Zimbabwean commercial farms during 2000, people from the Chitsa community illegally occupied 50 km 2 in the north of Gonarezhou NP, built huts and introduced approximately 3000 cattle and 350–400 sheep/goats (Dunham et al ., , ; Mombeshora & Le Bel, ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in populations of elephant and other large herbivores in Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe, as revealed by sample aerial surveys

Dunham¹

2012

Afr. J. Ecol.

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For 30 years, regular aerial surveys in Zimbabwean protected areas were funded, designed and executed primarily to estimate elephant numbers. Other large herbivores were recorded, even though some species were not easily seen from the air in savannah woodlands. Population estimates for species other than elephant provided indices of abundance that could be used to determine temporal trends in population size. This study tests for significant trends in the abundance of large herbivores in Gonarezhou National Park, assuming that data from aerial sample surveys designed for elephant also provide accurate estimates of real trends in the populations of other herbivores. For each species, the exponential rate of population change was calculated using weighted regression, with the variance of this rate based on the sampling variances of the population estimates. Significant population trends were detected for eight species. Before the 1992 drought, elephant number was held approximately constant by frequent culls, but afterwards, it increased at a mean annual rate of 6.2% (confidence limits 4.0% and 8.6%). Elephants in cow herds increased at 7.3%, significantly faster than elephants in bull herds (−0.5%). Buffalo, eland, kudu, nyala, waterbuck, wildebeest and zebra all increased in number, after population declines during the drought.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in populations of elephant and other large herbivores in Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe, as revealed by sample aerial surveys

Dunham¹

2012

Afr. J. Ecol.

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“…The national parks estate, most notably Gonarezhou National Park in the south‐east, was also largely left untouched, except for one high‐profile invasion by the Chitsa people (Chaumba et al. 2003a), where some 16,000 hectares of the park were occupied by over 700 families from the Chitsa community (Mombeshora and Le Bel, 2009). Outside the parks estate, some state and parastatal land was transferred as part of the FTLRP, but much has remained under the control of organizations such as ARDA (the Agricultural Rural Development Authority) and the CSC (the Cold Storage Company).…”

Section: The Changing Agrarian Structure In Masvingo Provincementioning

confidence: 99%

Livelihoods after Land Reform in Zimbabwe: Understanding Processes of Rural Differentiation

Scoones

Marongwe

Mavedzenge³

et al. 2012

Journal of Agrarian Change

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This paper explores the consequences of Zimbabwe's land reform for the dynamics of differentiation in Zimbabwe's countryside, reporting on the results from a 10‐year study from Masvingo province. Based on a detailed analysis of livelihoods across 400 households at 16 sites, the paper offers a detailed typology of livelihood strategies, linked to a class‐based analysis of emerging agrarian dynamics. The paper identifies a significant and successful ‘middle farmer’ group, reliant on ‘accumulation from below’ through petty commodity production, existing alongside other worker‐peasants and the semi‐peasantry, whose livelihoods remain vulnerable, with prospects for accumulation currently limited. In addition, there are others who are ‘accumulating from above’, through patronage and corruption. While small in number, this group has significant political and economic influence, and is embedded in powerful alliances that have fundamental impacts on the wider political–economic dynamics. To conclude, the economic, social and political implications of the emerging patterns of differentiation in Zimbabwe's countryside are discussed.

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“…The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) divides protected areas into categories according to management objectives; these include areas such as nature reserves, natural monuments and national parks [8]. The percent of the earth's surface covered in national parks and protected areas has increased from 3% in 1962 to 11.5% in 2005 [9].…”

Section: Social Economic and Biophysical Trends Of African Protectementioning

confidence: 99%

“…National parks and protected areas in Africa are mainly governed by decision-making bodies created within governmental or semi-governmental institutions in accordance with national and/or regional legislation and policies [1]. Within Africa, like other countries around the world, the widely accepted reasoning behind publically owned national parks is to increase biodiversity and to create goods and services such as tourism for public use [9].…”

Section: The Conventional National Park Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

National parks and protected areas in African countries

Drewniak¹,

Finnegan²,

Miles³

et al. 2012

SURG

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There are two primary options for the successful preservation of national resources in African national parks: centralized government management and decentralized privatized management. In this article we argue that a free market environmentalism approach to the management of national parks in Africa is preferable to centralized government management. We begin by discussing social, economic, and biophysical trends related to the operations of national parks in Africa. Next, we describe the institutional and political structures of management options, including the conventional centralized planning model, and present alternatives such as co-management and privatization. We then identify current conflicts and controversies regarding national park management in the African context, which include land tenure and expropriation, poverty, and the protection of large mammalian endangered species. Finally, we apply the free market environmentalism approach to African national park management and make a case for why this approach would allow for better protection of endangered large mammal species, benefit African citizens in the surrounding communities, eliminate the free-rider incentive which can lead to acts such as poaching, and create incentives that are necessary for the preservation of African national resources. We conclude that this market-based system is effective in protecting natural resources in areas of Africa where the private owners are willing to pay for the preservation of the environment, and on privatized and which can be successfully profitable through the aid of competition in the market. Keywords: national parks; Africa; free market environmentalism; sustainability (environmental, social)

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Parks-people conflicts: the case of Gonarezhou National Park and the Chitsa community in south-east Zimbabwe

Cited by 17 publications

References 12 publications

Trends in populations of elephant and other large herbivores in Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe, as revealed by sample aerial surveys

Trends in populations of elephant and other large herbivores in Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe, as revealed by sample aerial surveys

Livelihoods after Land Reform in Zimbabwe: Understanding Processes of Rural Differentiation

National parks and protected areas in African countries

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