Paroxysmal Dyskinesia Suspected as Canine Epileptoid Cramping Syndrome in a Young Yorkshire Terrier Dog

Park, Hyung Jin; Seo, Dong Kyu; Song, Kun; Seo, Kyoung Won

doi:10.1292/jvms.14-0015

Cited by 9 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 12 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…PxDs have been described in other canine breeds . In the majority of breeds with PxD affecting the limbs and trunk, the first episode of PxD is observed in the first year after birth . However, in the NT dogs in this study, the median and mean age at the first observed episode of PxD was 3 years, similar to what has been reported in the border terrier .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Paroxysmal Dyskinesia in Norwich Terrier Dogs

Risio

Forman

Mellersh

et al. 2016

Movement Disord Clin Pract

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

View Supplementary Video 1 View Supplementary Video 2 Background Episodic muscular hypertonicity in Norwich terrier dogs was first reported in a brief communication in 1984. Since then, the condition has remained poorly characterized. Objectives The aims of this study were to characterize the phenomenology, clinical course, and family history of paroxysmal dyskinesia in the Norwich terrier and to estimate its prevalence in the United Kingdom. Methods The owners of Norwich terrier dogs born since January 1, 2000 were invited to complete a specifically designed questionnaire aimed at identifying affected and unaffected dogs and investigating the clinical characteristics of this paroxysmal dyskinesia. Pedigrees were collected and reviewed. Results The questionnaire was returned for 198 Norwich terrier dogs. Of these, 26 (13%) were classified as affected by paroxysmal dyskinesia after revision of the questionnaires and after obtaining videos of the episodes, veterinary medical records, and telephone interviews with the owners. All dogs were neurologically normal between episodes. No significant abnormalities were detected on diagnostic investigations. Mean age at the first episode was 3 years. The episodes were characterized by sustained muscular hypertonicity in the pelvic limbs, lumbar region, and thoracic limbs, impairing posture and locomotion without loss of consciousness. Episode frequency varied both between and within individuals. Stress, anxiety, excitement, and variation in daily routine were recognized as episode triggers in 13 dogs. Episode duration generally was from 2 to 5 minutes (range, from < 2 to 30 minutes). The majority of affected dogs were related. Conclusions Paroxysmal dyskinesia segregates in an extended pedigree of Norwich terrier dogs and thus is potentially an inherited disorder in this breed.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…PxDs have been described in other canine breeds . In the majority of breeds with PxD affecting the limbs and trunk, the first episode of PxD is observed in the first year after birth .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paroxysmal Dyskinesia in Norwich Terrier Dogs

Risio

Forman

Mellersh

et al. 2016

Movement Disord Clin Pract

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Therefore, we conclude that these populations most likely suffer from the same condition. Recently, comparable syndromes have been described in Norwich Terriers and in a young Yorkshire Terrier …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paroxysmal Dyskinesia in Border Terriers: Clinical, Epidemiological, and Genetic Investigations

Stassen

Koskinen

Steenbeek

et al. 2017

Veterinary Internal Medicne

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundIn the last decade, a disorder characterized by episodes of involuntary movements and dystonia has been recognized in Border Terriers.ObjectivesTo define clinical features of paroxysmal dyskinesia (PD) in a large number of Border Terriers and to study the genetics of the disease.Animals110 affected and 128 unaffected client‐owned Border Terriers.MethodsA questionnaire regarding clinical characteristics of PD was designed at Utrecht University and the University of Helsinki. Thirty‐five affected Border Terriers underwent physical examination and blood testing (hematology and clinical biochemistry). Diagnostic imaging of the brain was performed in 17 affected dogs and electroencephalograms (EEG) between episodes were obtained in 10 affected dogs. A genomewide association study (GWAS) was performed with DNA of 110 affected and 128 unaffected dogs.ResultsOne hundred forty‐seven questionnaires were included in the study. The most characteristic signs during episodes were dystonia, muscle fasciculations, and falling over. The majority of owners believed that their dogs remained conscious during the episodes. A beneficial effect of anti‐epileptic therapy was observed in 29 of 43 dogs. Fifteen owners changed their dogs’ diet to a hypoallergenic, gluten‐free diet, and all reported reasonable to good improvement of signs. Clinical examinations and diagnostic test results were unremarkable. The GWAS did not identify significantly associated chromosome regions.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe survey results and EEG studies provided further evidence that the observed syndrome is a PD rather than epilepsy. Failure to achieve conclusive results by GWAS indicates that inheritance of PD in Border Terriers probably is complex.

show abstract

“…Similar clinical signs are seen in CKCS with episodic falling syndrome (EFS) (Herrtage & Palmer 1983) and border terriers with canine epileptoid cramping syndrome (CECS) (Black et al 2013). Case reports of dalmatians (Woods 1977), springer spaniels (Shelton 2004), wheaten terriers (Shelton 2004) and a Yorkshire terrier (Park et al 2014) with similar clinical signs have also been described.…”

mentioning

confidence: 79%

“…Hypertonicity syndrome is a specific group of paroxysmal dyskinesias (Shelton 2004). Clinically hypertonicity syndrome is characterized by episodes ranging from ataxia to inability to stand as a result of muscle hypertonicity (Shelton 2004;Park et al 2014). Hypertonicity syndrome was first observed in young Scottish terriers and known as Scottie cramp (SC) (Meyers et al 1970(Meyers et al , 1973Clemmons et al 1980).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%