Parsimony, Homology and the Analysis of Multistate Characters

Lipscomb, Diana

doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1992.tb00050.x

Cited by 144 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The software TNT (Tree analysis using New Technology) was used for the phylogenetic analyses (Goloboff et al, 2008). Figure 8 shows the strict consensus of nine equally parsimonious trees resulting from an analysis in which the multistate characters 2, 10,25,31,32,48,52,54, and 73 were scored as additive (Lipscomb, 1992). The placement of Menadon in the clade Gomphodontosuchinae is as recovered in previous phylogenetic analyses (Kammerer et al, 2008(Kammerer et al, , 2012Liu and Abdala, 2014).…”

Section: Phylogenetic Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Malagasy cynodontMenadon besairiei(Cynodontia; Traversodontidae) in the Middle–Upper Triassic of Brazil

Melo¹,

Abdala²,

Soares³

2015

Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

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The traversodontid cynodont Menadon besairiei, previously known from the 'Isalo II' group of Madagascar, is reported for the first time from the Triassic of southern Brazil. New material referable to M. besairiei was collected in the Schoenstatt outcrop (Santa Cruz do Sul municipality), which belongs to the Santacruzodon Assemblage Zone (Carnian) in the Santa Maria Supersequence. Their attribution to the Malagasy taxon is based on the presence of a deep snout; four upper incisors, with procumbent first and second incisors, and three lower, procumbent incisors; five upper postcanines, the first one 'peg-like'; six lower postcanines, the two most anterior and the most posterior being reduced; the quadrangular form of the postcanines; a pterygoid reaching the jugal and excluding the maxilla from the suborbital fenestra; a mandible with a tall coronoid process covering the last lower postcanine laterally; and a posteriorly projected angular process. A cladistic analysis of traversodontid cynodonts was performed based on a matrix composed of 30 taxa and 78 characters. In the resulting trees, M. besairiei nested within the clade Gomphodontosuchinae, the only traversodontid subclade reasonably well supported. Thus, the presence of M. besairiei is established in the Santa Cruz do Sul fauna, constituting the first record for South America and confirming the previously proposed biostratigraphic correlation between the 'Isalo II' and the Santacruzodon Assemblage Zone. Citation for this article: Melo, T. P., F. Abdala, and M. B. Soares. 2015. The Malagasy Cynodont Menadon Besairiei (Cynodontia; Traversodontidae) in the Middle-Upper Triassic of Brazil. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.

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Section: Phylogenetic Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Malagasy cynodontMenadon besairiei(Cynodontia; Traversodontidae) in the Middle–Upper Triassic of Brazil

Melo¹,

Abdala²,

Soares³

2015

Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

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“…in the additive character. Ordering of multistate characters requires knowledge about the sequence of character states in the character transformation (Lipscomb, 1992) and as little is known about the evolution of bark cloth production, unordered multistate characters were used with the intent of minimizing the assumptions in the analysis. Missing data and inapplicable characters were coded using a question mark in the data matrix but are differentiated by the bold formatting of question marks representing missing data.…”

Section: Character Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Polynesian bark cloth and factors influencing cultural change

Larsen¹

2011

Journal of Anthropological Archaeology

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“…This iterative procedure continues until no new cladograms are produced. Transformation series analysis has been criticized on the grounds that it may reject a hypothesis of order in which the most similar states are adjacent for another hypothesis that maximizes overall congruence between hypotheses of order and resolution of a cladogram (Lipscomb 1992). An alternative approach that stresses both similarity and congruence (Lipscomb 1992) has also been criticized (Barriel & Tassy 1993).…”

Section: Earlytriassic Rhynchosaur From South Africa Dw Dilkes 521mentioning

confidence: 99%

The early Triassic rhynchosaur Mesosuchus browni and the interrelationships of basal archosauromorph reptiles

Dilkes

1998

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

205

595

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Restudy of the unique diapsid reptile Mesosuchus browni Watson, from the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone (late EarlyTriassic to early MiddleTriassic) of the Burgersdorp Formation (Tarkastad Subgroup; Beaufort Group) of South Africa, con¢rms that it is the most plesiomorphic known member of the Rhynchosauria. A new phylogenetic analysis of basal taxa of Archosauromorpha indicates that Choristodera falls outside of the Sauria, Prolacertiformes is a paraphyletic taxon with Prolacerta sharing a more recent common ancestor with Archosauriformes than with any other clade, Megalancosaurus and Drepanosaurus are sister taxa inthe clade Drepanosauridae within Archosauromorpha, and are the sister group to the clade Tanystropheidae composed of Tanystropheus, Macrocnemus, and Langobardisaurus. Combination of the phylogenetic relationships of basal archosauromorphs and their known stratigraphic ranges reveals signi¢cant gaps in the fossil records of Late Permian and Triassic diapsids. Extensions of the temporal ranges of several lineages of diapsids into the Late Permian suggests that more groups of terrestrial reptiles survived the end-Permian mass extinction than thought previously.Keywords: fossil; phylogeny; reptile; South Africa; diapsid; Gondwana apparent immediately to Robert Broom that the skeletons were actually of two distinct, though related, species (Broom 1913a). Broom designated an articulated skeleton with a single external naris and a pair of supposed acrodont premaxillary teeth as the type of Mesosuchus, and the remainder of the specimens were assigned to a new genus and species Euparkeria capensis. Watson's confusion is understandable given that the specimens he examined consisted only of an incomplete skull and articulated postcranium, numerous isolated cranial elements lacking from the single skull, and various parts of the axial and appendicular skeletons that could not be compared readily with the single, imperfect skeleton.As the etymology of the name suggests, Watson (1912a) believed that Mesosuchus was an ancestral crocodile with close a¤nities to other presumed primitive crocodilians such as Proterosuchus, Erythrosuchus and Ornithosuchus. However, it is clear that the data for this opinion were derived from the skeletons of Euparkeria, in particular the slender lower jaw with thecodont implantation, the crocodilian-like ilium, and the construction of the tarsus and pes. Broom (1913a) recognized the great resemblance of Mesosuchus to the diaptosaurian (basal diapsid) reptile Howesia also from the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone near Aliwal North (Broom 1906). He concurred with Watson on the close relationship between Ornithosuchus and Euparkeria. In the same year, Broom (1913b) gave a more detailed description of both Euparkeria and Mesosuchus, rea¤rming the a¤nities between Euparkeria and pseudosuchians, and between Mesosuchus and other rhynchocephalians such as Howesia, Rhynchosaurus and Hyperodapedon.In 1921, the fossil collection of Mr Alfred Brown was purchased by the South African Museum, and a second ...

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Parsimony, Homology and the Analysis of Multistate Characters

Cited by 144 publications

References 30 publications

The Malagasy cynodontMenadon besairiei(Cynodontia; Traversodontidae) in the Middle–Upper Triassic of Brazil

The Malagasy cynodontMenadon besairiei(Cynodontia; Traversodontidae) in the Middle–Upper Triassic of Brazil

Evolution of Polynesian bark cloth and factors influencing cultural change

The early Triassic rhynchosaur Mesosuchus browni and the interrelationships of basal archosauromorph reptiles

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