Parthenogenetic Merogony or Cleavage Without Nuclei in Arbacia Punctulata

Harvey, Ethel Browne

doi:10.2307/1537411

Cited by 170 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…Harvey had removed egg nuclei by centrifugation and then activated development with salt water. Surprisingly, cell division began and continued until these non-nucleated embryos contained about 500 cells (Harvey, 1936). The slightly less sensational subheading—“New view of cytoplasm”—perhaps more accurately captured the work’s significance: the experiments had conclusively demonstrated that crucial aspects of early development, such as the first rapid cell divisions, can be driven exclusively by maternal cytoplasm without any contribution from the maternal and paternal nuclei and genomes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zygotic Genome Activation in Vertebrates

2017

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The first major developmental transition in vertebrate embryos is the maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT) when maternal mRNAs are degraded and zygotic transcription begins. During the MZT, the embryo takes charge of gene expression to control cell differentiation and further development. This spectacular organismal transition requires nuclear reprogramming and the initiation of RNAPII at thousands of promoters. Zygotic genome activation (ZGA) is mechanistically coordinated with other embryonic events including changes in the cell cycle, chromatin state, and nuclear-to-cytoplasmic component ratios. Here, we review progress in understanding vertebrate ZGA dynamics in frogs, fish, mice, and humans to explore differences and emphasize common features.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zygotic Genome Activation in Vertebrates

2017

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“…In cultured mammalian cells and many zygotes, blockage of DNA replication (19,33,37) or removal of the nucleus (26) has been found to prevent pole duplication. On the other hand, several cycles of spindle pole duplication were found to occur in the zygotes of some invertebrates after similar treatments (16,17,48,57), making it difficult to specify the role that nuclear processes play in spindle pole regulation when these approaches were used.A genetic approach for examining the regulation of spindle pole duplication has been taken in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by analyzing temperature-sensitive cdc (cell division cycle) mutants for behavior of the spindle pole body (SPB), which serves as the sole microtubule-organizing center. Generally, cdc mutations that inhibit cellular and nuclear division also impede further duplication of the SPBs so that each cell contains the number of SPBs (one or two) appropriate for its stage of progression through the cell cycle at arrest (8).…”

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confidence: 99%

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A yeast gene essential for regulation of spindle pole duplication.

Baum¹,

Yip²,

Goetsch³

et al. 1988

Mol. Cell. Biol.

134

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In eucaryotic cells, duplication of spindle poles must be coordinated with other cell cycle functions. We report here the identification in Saccharomyces cerevisiae of a temperature-sensitive lethal mutation, espl, that deregulates spindle pole duplication. Mutant cells transferred to the nonpermissive temperature became unable to continue DNA synthesis and cell division but displayed repeated duplication of their spindle pole bodies. (12,40,55) suggests that continued duplication may be regulated by entrainment to other stage-specific events of the cycle. The possibility that spindle pole duplication is dependent on chromosomal replication, for example, has been analyzed experimentally. In cultured mammalian cells and many zygotes, blockage of DNA replication (19,33,37) or removal of the nucleus (26) has been found to prevent pole duplication. On the other hand, several cycles of spindle pole duplication were found to occur in the zygotes of some invertebrates after similar treatments (16,17,48,57), making it difficult to specify the role that nuclear processes play in spindle pole regulation when these approaches were used.A genetic approach for examining the regulation of spindle pole duplication has been taken in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by analyzing temperature-sensitive cdc (cell division cycle) mutants for behavior of the spindle pole body (SPB), which serves as the sole microtubule-organizing center. Generally, cdc mutations that inhibit cellular and nuclear division also impede further duplication of the SPBs so that each cell contains the number of SPBs (one or two) appropriate for its stage of progression through the cell cycle at arrest (8). Similarly, if DNA replication is inhibited by the drug hydroxyurea or microtubule formation is prevented by treatment with nocodazole, nuclear division is blocked and no further SPB duplication ensues (8,36 depends on the successful completion of nuclear division itself (35).Analysis of mutations that alter the regulation of spindle pole duplication may help to clarify the mechanisms coordinating duplication with other cell cycle processes. Electron microscopy (9, 30) demonstrates that in yeast cells the SPB normally duplicates before chromosomal replication at a stage in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, termed Start, when commitment to division occurs (15). However, mutations in the gene CDC31 cause an uncoupling of the normal relationship between SPB duplication and DNA synthesis, SPB duplication failing to occur despite the occurrence of budding and DNA replication (7). As a consequence, haploid cdc3l mutants transiently subjected to the nonpermissive temperature generate diploids and cells of even higher ploidy (7,45

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“…pustulosa, Sphaerchinus granularis, Paracentrotus lividus, Parechinus microtuberculatus ), the acquisition of cleavage capacity independent of the germinal vesicle materials as shown in Holothuria and Oryzias eggs could not be demonstrated, hecause sea urchin eggs could neither be artificially activated nor be fertilized before the breakdown of the germinal vesicle (HARVEY 1936(HARVEY , 1938. SUMMARY 1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Germinal Vesicle Materials on the Acquisition of Developmental Capacity of the Fish Oocyte

Isobe

1966

Embryologia

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Parthenogenetic Merogony or Cleavage Without Nuclei in Arbacia Punctulata

Cited by 170 publications

References 0 publications

Zygotic Genome Activation in Vertebrates

Zygotic Genome Activation in Vertebrates

A yeast gene essential for regulation of spindle pole duplication.

Role of Germinal Vesicle Materials on the Acquisition of Developmental Capacity of the Fish Oocyte

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