“…The BICM-PS scheme realizes capacity-approaching performance, but causes an FEC throughput increase which leads to large power consumption [4,5]. To reduce the power consumption, joint source-channel coding [6], shallow shaping having granular base constellations [7], and multilevel coding (MLC) [8][9][10] have been investigated. While MLC with multi-stage decoding (MSD) has received attention [10,11], MLC-MSD with PS has not been studied in depth yet.…”