The direct transformation of methane to methanol remains
a significant
challenge for operation at a larger scale. Central to this challenge
is the low reactivity of methane at conditions that can facilitate
product recovery. This review discusses the issue through examination
of several promising routes to methanol and an evaluation of performance
targets that are required to develop the process at scale. We explore
the methods currently used, the emergence of active heterogeneous
catalysts and their design and reaction mechanisms and provide a critical
perspective on future operation. Initial experiments are discussed
where identification of gas phase radical chemistry limited further
development by this approach. Subsequently, a new class of catalytic
materials based on natural systems such as iron or copper containing
zeolites were explored at milder conditions. The key issues of these
technologies are low methane conversion and often significant overoxidation
of products. Despite this, interest remains high in this reaction
and the wider appeal of an effective route to key products from C–H
activation, particularly with the need to transition to net carbon
zero with new routes from renewable methane sources is exciting.