Partially coherent image formation with x-ray microscopes

Abstract

Image formation with partially coherent radiation is evaluated with the Hopkins formula and then applied to x-ray microscopy. Image characteristics expected from instruments with circular and annular pupils in partially coherent conditions are considered for two-point objects and a knife-edge object. The theoretically expected values for image characteristics that are easy accessible by an experiment, such as the width of a knife edge, are given for various x-ray microscopes.

Current status of the TwinMic beamline at Elettra: a soft X-ray transmission and emission microscopy station

“…While STXM requires spatially coherent illumination, partial coherence or incoherent illumination is preferred for TXM (Jochum & Meyer-Ilse, 1995). Thus STXM instruments are typically installed at undulator sources (McNulty et al, 1995;Nilsson et al, 2005;Winn et al, 2000) and TXM instruments at bending magnets (Meyer-Ilse et al, 1998;Medenwaldt & Uggerhoj, 1998;Niemann et al, 1994), although vice versa setups have been reported (Kaulich et al, 1999;Kilcoyne et al, 2003;Guttmann et al, 2001).…”

Simulation of partially coherent image formation in a compact soft X-ray microscope

“…Although SPLAT has the ability to simulate full two-dimensional images, most X-ray microscopy investigations have so far been restricted to one dimension. SPLAT was applied to investigate the influence of partial coherence in a soft X-ray transmission microscope on the response of a one-dimensional knife edge object [12,13] and to calculate the theoretical resolution of the X-ray microscope at the Advanced Light source in Berkeley [14]. Other publications investigated dark field X-ray microscopy [15] and cryo X-ray microscopy [16] with other numerical models taking partial coherence into account, but again the calculations were limited to one-dimensional objects.…”

Automated markerless full field hard x-ray microscopic tomography at sub-50 nm 3-dimension spatial resolution

“…Converting it to regular Rayleigh's resolution, it is 24.1 nm6 2.6 nm by applying a factor of 1.7. 14,15,17 The value of the FWHM of the differentiated edge response in Figure 3(b) is 25.8 nm6 1.2 nm, which is also viewed as the resolving power. The PSA was performed on the entire star pattern and integrated azimuthally over 2p to evaluate the spatial resolution, as shown in Figure 3(c) for absorption contrast and Fig.…”