Participation, Dialogue, and Civic Engagement: Understanding the Role of Organized Civil Society in Promoting Active Citizenship in the European Union

Abstract

This article looks at current policies concerning the civic and political participation of youths, women, migrants and minorities in the European

Untitled

“…na badania norweskich ekonomistów śledzących losy dzieci urodzonych między 1962 a 1988. Według badań osoby zaczynające szkołę rok później miały znacząco niższe IQ, w efekcie po 30 latach zarabiały mniej 17 . Wśród eksperckich głosów przeciwników ustawy znajduje się stanowisko przybyłego do Polski na zaproszenie fundacji Elbanowskich prof. Davida Whitebreada z Uniwersytetu Cambridge, specjalizującego się w dziedzinie nauczania małych dzieci.…”

“…Euroscepticism is also more typical for actors that seek to engage in contentious interaction, thus producing critique of Europeanization 17 , rather than only in routine transactions and service provision to EU institutions. Existing literature shows that national-level issue networks engage citizens more richly than EU level-issue networks 18 .…”

“…16 Th e implementation of specifi c economic and fi nancial policies was accompanied by a number of state reforms which de facto provided for the decentralization or outsourcing of the state's social obligations to its citizens. 17 Here I am referring specifi cally to the health service reform and the pension reform.…”

“…Unemployment, see note 4 above. 17 I am referring here to the so-called "Four reforms program" introduced by Jerzy Buzek's government which instituted signifi cant changes in education, pensions, health care and the administrative division of the country. Th ese reforms came into eff ect in 1999. chronically insolvent, while doctors and other medical personnel are forced to deal with highly inadequate pay levels.…”

Gendered political space: civil society, contingency theory, and the substantive representation of women

“…From a global perspective, and as a range of studies attests (cf. Bee & Guerrina, 2014;Jones & Kas, 2005;Sener, 2014), such activities are consonant with governments' espousal of gender equality and representative democracy. They also feature prominently in a series of international treaties, human rights instruments, and equalities law.…”