“…Our previous analysis [ 8 ] showed that it is probable that different types of ESs differently affect plant tolerance; however, a direct experimental comparison between tolerance changes induced by AP vs. VP is absent at present. Briefly, physiological changes induced by AP seem to be similar to the changes induced by VP (e.g., changes in respiration [ 136 , 137 , 138 ], photosynthesis [ 128 , 131 , 134 , 137 , 150 , 202 ], production of stress phytohormones [ 11 , 202 ], and expression of genes [ 117 ]). However, VP might have additional ways of influencing physiological processes (e.g., the additional mechanism of the stimulation of JA production [ 126 ]), and the signal can cause a response in plants in the absence of AP-induced responses (e.g., the fast photosynthetic response in some plant species [ 112 , 203 ] or the suppression of the phloem mass flow [ 95 , 141 , 142 , 143 ]).…”