“…Singh & Bangay, 2014;Tooley & Dixon, 2005). In the absence of information about student learning, parental judgments of quality often rely on a range of readily visible schooling conditions (Heyneman & Stern, 2014): commonly cited factors include class size (Mehrotra & Panchamukhi, 2006;Zuilkowski, Piper, Ong'ele, & Kiminza, 2018), teacher engagement, stricter discipline , and language of instruction, especially English (Alcott, Bhattacharjea, Ramanujan, & Nanda, 2019;Endow, 2018;Joshi, 2019).…”