“…In the last couple of decades, participation has become a popular concept at different levels of administration from local and national to European and global, and in this “participatory turn” (Saurugger, 2010), new forms, channels and interpretations of participation have emerged, both bottom-up (civic activity) and top-down (organised by the administration). The latter type of participatory practices, such as the EU projects addressed here, have been generated increasingly within so-called new, multilevel or participatory governance (Lindgren and Persson, 2011; Michels, 2011; Moini, 2011; Newman, 2005; Newman and Clarke, 2009; Nousiainen and Mäkinen, 2015; Papadopoulos and Warin, 2007; Parkins and Sinclair, 2014). They aim to engage actors from various levels and spheres in policy-making through auditions, projects and partnerships without coercion but instead by appealing to their free will to conduct their conduct in a suitable way (Cruikshank, 1999: 4; Dean, 1999: 10–16, 67; Rose, 1999a: 69; Walters and Haahr, 2005: 118–119).…”