Participatory methods for the assessment of the ownership status of free-roaming dogs in Bali, Indonesia, for disease control and animal welfare

Morters, Michelle; Bharadwaj, Sowmyaa; Whay, HR; Cleaveland, Sarah; Damriyasa, I. Md.; Wood, James

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.04.012

Cited by 34 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Given the extent to which owned dogs roam freely, it is likely that many of the observed free-roaming dogs were owned dogs. A recent in-depth study on Bali illustrated that contrary to appearances, almost all dogs are owned (14). The higher proportion of observed adult dogs’ free-roaming in our study in comparison to owned dogs is likely due to dog behavior, as our own unpublished data on dog movement show that juveniles were more likely to remain near their homestead in comparison to adult dogs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Data on owned dogs were collected using the DTD survey, while data on unconfined or free-roaming dogs that included both owned or stray/feral dogs were collected using the PMR transects. The approaches were selected to obtain information from the entire dog population in Bali despite the likelihood of overlap between owned dogs and unconfined free-roaming dog populations (13, 14). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determinants of Vaccination Coverage and Consequences for Rabies Control in Bali, Indonesia

et al. 2017

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Maintaining high vaccination coverage is key to successful rabies control, but mass dog vaccination can be challenging and population turnover erodes coverage. Declines in rabies incidence following successive island-wide vaccination campaigns in Bali suggest that prospects for controlling and ultimately eliminating rabies are good. Rabies, however, has continued to circulate at low levels. In the push to eliminate rabies from Bali, high coverage needs to be maintained across all areas of the island. We carried out door-to-door (DTD) questionnaire surveys (n = 10,352 dog-owning households) and photographic mark–recapture surveys (536 line transects, 2,597 observations of free-roaming dogs) in 2011–2012 to estimate dog population sizes and assess rabies vaccination coverage and dog demographic characteristics in Bali, Indonesia. The median number of dogs per subvillage unit (banjar) was 43 (range 0–307) for owned dogs estimated from the DTD survey and 17 (range 0–83) for unconfined dogs (including both owned and unowned) from transects. Vaccination coverage of owned dogs was significantly higher in adults (91.4%) compared to juveniles (<1 year, 43.9%), likely due to insufficient targeting of pups and from puppies born subsequent to vaccination campaigns. Juveniles had a 10–70 times greater risk of not being vaccinated in urban, suburban, and rural areas [combined odds ratios (ORs): 9.9–71.1, 95% CI: 8.6–96.0]. Free-roaming owned dogs were also 2–3 times more likely to be not vaccinated compared to those confined (combined Ors: 1.9–3.6, 95% CI: 1.4–5.4), with more dogs being confined in urban (71.2%) than in suburban (16.1%) and rural areas (8.0%). Vaccination coverage estimates from transects were also much lower (30.9%) than household surveys (83.6%), possibly due to loss of collars used to identify the vaccination status of free-roaming dogs, but these unconfined dogs may also include dogs that were unowned or more difficult to vaccinate. Overall, coverage levels were high in the owned dog population, but for future campaigns in Bali to have the highest chance of eliminating rabies, concerted effort should be made to vaccinate free-roaming dogs particularly in suburban and rural areas, with advertising to ensure that owners vaccinate pups. Long-lasting, cheap, and quick methods are needed to mark vaccinated animals and reassure communities of the reach of vaccination campaigns.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of Vaccination Coverage and Consequences for Rabies Control in Bali, Indonesia

et al. 2017

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“…These approaches utilise groups of local people lead by a facilitator to discuss, measure and report on important data, usually benefiting from exercises that encourage engagement of all members of the group. Their use with dogs has been reported once in the literature, where a set of participatory exercises was used to explore feeding of owned dogs [32]. Similar approaches have been used to explore and improve the care provided to working equines by the charity ‘The Brooke’ [33].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scoping review of indicators and methods of measurement used to evaluate the impact of dog population management interventions

et al. 2017

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BackgroundDogs are ubiquitous in human society and attempts to manage their populations are common to most countries. Managing dog populations is achieved through a range of interventions to suit the dog population dynamics and dog ownership characteristics of the location, with a number of potential impacts or goals in mind. Impact assessment provides the opportunity for interventions to identify areas of inefficiencies for improvement and build evidence of positive change.MethodsThis scoping review collates 26 studies that have assessed the impacts of dog population management interventions.ResultsIt reports the use of 29 indicators of change under 8 categories of impact and describes variation in the methods used to measure these indicators.ConclusionThe relatively few published examples of impact assessment in dog population management suggest this field is in its infancy; however this review highlights those notable exceptions. By describing those indicators and methods of measurement that have been reported thus far, and apparent barriers to efficient assessment, this review aims to support and direct future impact assessment.

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“…On this basis, participatory exercises were undertaken from April 2011 to April 2012 and are reported separately (Morters et al . in press).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The demography of free‐roaming dog populations and applications to disease and population control

Morters

McKinley

Restif

et al. 2014

Journal of Applied Ecology

123

136

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1. Understanding the demography of domestic dog populations is essential for effective disease control, particularly of canine-mediated rabies. Demographic data are also needed to plan effective population management. However, no study has comprehensively evaluated the contribution of demographic processes (i.e. births, deaths and movement) to variations in dog population size or density, or determined the factors that regulate these processes, including human factors.2. We report the results of a 3-year cohort study of domestic dogs, which is the first to generate detailed data on the temporal variation of these demographic characteristics. The study was undertaken in two communities in each of Bali, Indonesia and Johannesburg, South Africa, in rabies-endemic areas and where the majority of dogs were free-roaming. None of the four communities had been engaged in any dog population management interventions by local authorities or animal welfare organizations. All identified dogs in the four communities were monitored individually throughout the study.3. We observed either no population growth or a progressive decline in population size during the study period. There was no clear evidence that population size was regulated through environmental resource constraints. Rather, almost all of the identified dogs were owned and fed regularly by their owners, consistent with population size regulated by human demand. Finally, a substantial fraction of the dogs originated from outside the population, entirely through the translocation of dogs by people, rather than from local births. These findings demonstrate that previously reported growth of dog populations is not a general phenomenon and challenge the widely held view that free-roaming dogs are unowned and form closed populations.4. Synthesis and applications. These observations have broad implications for disease and population control. The accessibility of dogs for vaccination and evaluation through owners and the movement of dogs (some of them infected) by people will determine the viable options for disease control strategies. The impact of human factors on population dynamics will also influence the feasibility of annual vaccination campaigns to control rabies and population control through culling or sterilization. The complex relationship between dogs and people is critically important in the transmission and control of canine-mediated rabies. For effective management, human factors must be considered in the development of disease and population control programmes.

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Participatory methods for the assessment of the ownership status of free-roaming dogs in Bali, Indonesia, for disease control and animal welfare

Cited by 34 publications

References 21 publications

Determinants of Vaccination Coverage and Consequences for Rabies Control in Bali, Indonesia

Determinants of Vaccination Coverage and Consequences for Rabies Control in Bali, Indonesia

Scoping review of indicators and methods of measurement used to evaluate the impact of dog population management interventions

The demography of free‐roaming dog populations and applications to disease and population control

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