“…Moreover, participatory communication, as a form of development communication, fosters an open, egalitarian, aspirational, and accommodating dialogue from grassroots communities to design, agree upon, and propose bottom-up planning and development implementation (Alakwe & Okpara, 2022). It aims to balance, control, and complement the technocratic, top-down development communication by the government, which holds authority over policies, budgeting, planning, and program implementation (Alakwe & Okpara, 2022;Dendler, 2022;Lemke, 2016;Madsen, 2022;Steeves & Kwami, 2019;Sulaiman & Ahmadi, 2020;Suzina, 2020).…”