“…Therefore, to address the problems with the observed discrepancies and limitations of the ΛCDM model, various generalized models have been proposed, including modified gravity models, such as MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics) [20,21], f (R) gravity [22][23][24][25], entropic gravity [26,27], bimetric gravity [28][29][30][31][32] minimally coupled Einstein scalar field system [33][34][35]; scalar-tensor theories [36][37][38][39], specifically, the Brans-Dicke theory [40][41][42], and their corresponding noncommutative extensions [43][44][45][46]; generalized Chaplygin gas models [47,48]; and establishing modified fundamental models from their corresponding standard ones in higher dimensions [49][50][51][52][53][54].…”