Particle Emission Characteristics of a Gas Turbine with a Double Annular Combustor

Boies, Adam M.; Stettler, Marc; Swanson, Jacob; Johnson, Tyler J.; Olfert, Jason S.; Johnson, Mark P.; Eggersdorfer, Maximilian L.; Rindlisbacher, Theo; Wang, Jing; Thomson, Kevin A.; Smallwood, Gregory J.; Sevcenco, Yura; Walters, David Mark; Corbin, Joel C.; Mensah, A. A.; Symonds, Jonathan P. R.; Dastanpour, Ramin; Rogak, Steven N.

doi:10.1080/02786826.2015.1078452

Cited by 55 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…The mass msoot of soot particles, relating EIsoot=msoot PEIsoot, increases with thrust setting (Timko et al 2010). The mass-specific soot emission index EIsoot is traditionally determined from ground tests (using smoke number measurements), and more recently from ground-based direct measurements (Timko et al 2010;Boies et al 2015). EIsoot at cruise can be estimated from ground-based measurements and engine parameters (Peck et al 2013).…”

Section: Soot Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Life Cycle of Individual Contrails and Contrail Cirrus

Schumann

Heymsfield

2017

Meteorological Monographs

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The life cycle of individual (initially line shaped) contrails behind aircraft and of contrail cirrus (aged contrails mixed with other ice clouds) is described. The full contrail life cycle is covered, from ice formation for given water, heat, and particulate emissions; to changes in the jet, wake, and dispersion phases; through final sublimation or sedimentation. Contrail properties are deduced from various in situ, remote sensing, and model studies. Aerodynamically induced contrails and distrails are explained briefly. Contrails form both in clear air and inside cirrus. Young contrails consume most of the ambient ice supersaturation. Optical properties of contrails are age and humidity dependent. Contrail occurrence and radiative forcing depends on the ambient Earth–atmosphere conditions. Contrail cirrus seems to be optically thicker than assessed previously and may not only increase cirrus coverage but also thicken existing cirrus. Some observational constraints for contrail cirrus occurrence and radiative forcing are derived. Key parameters controlling contrail properties—besides aircraft and fuel properties, ambient pressure, temperature, and humidity—are the number of ice particles per flight distance surviving the wake vortex phase, the contrail depth, and particle sedimentation, wind shear, turbulence, and vertical motions controlling contrail dispersion. The climate impact of contrails depends among other things on the ratio of shortwave to longwave radiative forcing (RF) and on the efficacy with which contrail RF contributes to surface warming. Several open issues are identified, including renucleation from residuals of sublimated contrail ice particles.

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Section: Soot Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Life Cycle of Individual Contrails and Contrail Cirrus

Schumann

Heymsfield

2017

Meteorological Monographs

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“…Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) of particles collected on a microscope grid provides visual observation of the soot particles and is commonly used for morphology characterization of nano particles [11,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. Statistically reliable results can only be acquired from this method when a great number of images are analysed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automated primary particle sizing of nanoparticle aggregates by TEM image analysis

2016

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Nanoparticle aggregates formed in colloidal or aerosol processes have complex morphologies. Soot, for example, is formed as aggregates of primary particles. Soot properties are influenced by the diameter (p) and the arrangement of its constitutive primary particles. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) is commonly used for the characterization of agglomerates' morphology, but manual analysis of the micrographs is extremely labour-intensive. Here, a new method is developed for automatic determination of the average primary particles diameter based on the variation of the 2-D pair correlation function P() at distances measured from the main skeleton of the aggregates. It is assumed that P * = P(p /2) is nearly constant. The method has been applied to numerical agglomerates and real soot aggregates collected from several operating conditions of a gasoline direct injection engine and a heavy-duty compressionignition engine. Using a constant value for P * determined from the analysis of TEM images results in primary particle sizing errors (relative to manual sizing) of ~13% for single aggregates. The ensemble-mean values of p for manual and automatic sizing differed by ~4%.

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“…Results for the inverted burner have been peer reviewed (Ghazi et al 2013) but for engine soot and aviation gas turbine, so far some results have been reported in conference proceedings (Tjong et al 2012;Boies et al 2013;Graves et al 2013Graves et al , 2014. The present work summarizes and compares results from these earlier studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations of a Correlation Between Primary Particle and Aggregate Size for Soot Particles

Dastanpour

Rogak

2014

Aerosol Science and Technology

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For decades, soot has been modeled as fractal-like aggregates of nearly equiaxed spherules. Cluster-cluster aggregation simulations, starting from a population of primary particles, give rise to structures that closely match real aerosols of solid particles produced in flames. In such simulations, primary particle size is uncorrelated with aggregate size, as all aggregates contain primary particles drawn from the same population. Aerosol measurements have been interpreted with this geometric model. Examination of transmission electron micrographs of soot samples from various sources shows that primary particle sizes are not well mixed within an aerosol population. Larger aggregates tend to contain larger primary particles and the variation in size is much larger between aggregates than within aggregates. The soot sources considered here are all substantially not well-mixed (aircraft jet engine, inverted diffusion flame, gasoline direct injection engine, heavy-duty compression ignition engine). The observed variations in primary particle size can be explained if soot aggregates are formed and grew by coagulation in small zones of the combustion chamber, prior to dilution and transport (with minimal coagulation) to the sampling system.

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Particle Emission Characteristics of a Gas Turbine with a Double Annular Combustor

Cited by 55 publications

References 55 publications

On the Life Cycle of Individual Contrails and Contrail Cirrus

On the Life Cycle of Individual Contrails and Contrail Cirrus

Automated primary particle sizing of nanoparticle aggregates by TEM image analysis

Observations of a Correlation Between Primary Particle and Aggregate Size for Soot Particles

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