Particle Feeding in Natural Populations of Three Marine Demosponges

The marine sponge Chondrilla nucula Schmidt, 1862 as an elective candidate for bioremediation in integrated aquaculture

“…coli was chosen as suspended tracer following indications by several authors of its suitability in such a test [6,15,17,20,21]. It is known that sponges can retain a wide dimensional range of particulate matter, feeding both on colloidal macromolecules and on the smallest elements of bacterioplankton [2,3,34]. In particular, sponges can actively feed on bacteria [2,3,35] and good growth rates have been recorded using these microorganisms as food sources [20,36,37].…”

“…Sponges are filter-feeding animals frequently characterising large benthic communities that have capability to process the water column above within 24 h [1], retaining up to 80% of suspended particles [2,3]. Despite relatively low pumping rates, sponges can exhibit high retention rates as a function of well-developed aquiferous systems [4,5].…”

The Significance of Syncytial Tissues for the Position of the Hexactinellida in the Metazoa

“…Al− though typical sponges feed primarily on bacterial−sized parti− cles through the microvilli of their choanocytes (e.g., Reiswig 1971;Riisgård and Larsen 2000), in some cases (Leys and Eerkes−Medrano 2006) particle capture is through pseudo− podial extensions of these cells; larger particles (5-50 μm) are often captured by amoebocytes lining the incurrent canal walls (Reiswig 1971). There has also been an increasing apprecia− tion of the role of direct uptake of dissolved organic carbon (e.g., Reiswig 1981;Yahel et al 2003), but it is not yet clear to what extent symbiotic organisms are responsible for the up− take, and if the sponge itself is responsible, what is the mecha− nism of uptake.…”

Die Aufnahme partikulärer Nahrung beiReniera sp. (Porifera)

“…werden alle Kan~ile yon einem Endopinacocytenepithet ausgekleidet. Es gibt keine Hinweise darauf, daf~, wie yon einigen Autoren (Van Weel, 1949;Wintermann, 1951;Kilian, 1952;Reiswig, 1971) fiir andere Poriferen berichtet wird, Zellen des Mesenchyms die einfiihrenden Kan~ile begrenzen oder sich in nennenswerter Zahl darin aufhalten.…”