Particle fountains in a confined environment

Lippert, Martin C.; Woods, Andrew W.

doi:10.1017/jfm.2018.645

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In order to explore the intrusion depths of the fluid transported by two-phase plumes in more detail, while avoiding the complexity of the bubble size distribution in a bubble plume, in the present paper we explore the analogous problem of a descending plume of dense particles in which the particles have a single size (cf. Lippert & Woods 2018;Chan et al 2015). Bush et al (2003) reported an experimental investigation of particleladen thermals, which are produced by the release of a finite mass of particles and fluid.…”

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confidence: 99%

Multiphase plumes in a stratified ambient

Mingotti

Woods

2019

J. Fluid Mech.

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We report on experiments of turbulent particle-laden plumes descending through a stratified environment. We show that provided the characteristic plume speed $(B_{0}N)^{1/4}$ exceeds the particle fall speed, where the plume buoyancy flux is $B_{0}$ and the Brunt–Väisälä frequency is $N$, then the plume is arrested by the stratification and initially intrudes at the neutral height associated with a single-phase plume of the same buoyancy flux. If the original fluid phase in the plume has density equal to that of the ambient fluid at the source, then as the particles sediment from the intruding fluid, the fluid finds itself buoyant and rises, ultimately intruding at a height of about $0.58\pm 0.03$ of the original plume height, consistent with new predictions we present based on classical plume theory. We generalise this result, and show that if the buoyancy flux at the source is composed of a fraction $F_{s}$ associated with the buoyancy of the source fluid, and a fraction $1-F_{s}$ from the particles, then following the sedimentation of the particles, the plume fluid intrudes at a height $(0.58+0.22F_{s}\pm 0.03)H_{t}$, where $H_{t}$ is the maximum plume height. This is key for predictions of the environmental impact of any material dissolved in the plume water which may originate from the particle load. We also show that the particles sediment at their fall speed through the fluid below the maximum depth of the plume as a cylindrical column whose area scales as the ratio of the particle flux at the source to the fall speed and concentration of particles in the plume at the maximum depth of the plume before it is arrested by the stratification. We demonstrate that there is negligible vertical transport of fluid in this cylindrical column, but a series of layers of high and low particle concentration develop in the column with a vertical spacing which is given by the ratio of the buoyancy of the particle load and the background buoyancy gradient. Small fluid intrusions develop at the side of the column associated with these layers, as dense parcels of particle-laden fluid convect downwards and then outward once the particles have sedimented from the fluid, with a lateral return flow drawing in ambient fluid. As a result, the pattern of particle-rich and particle-poor layers in the column gradually migrates upwards owing to the convective transport of particles between the particle-rich layers superposed on the background sedimentation. We consider the implications of the results for mixing by bubble plumes, for submarine blowouts of oil and gas and for the fate of plumes of waste particles discharged at the ocean surface during deep-sea mining.

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confidence: 99%

Multiphase plumes in a stratified ambient

Mingotti

Woods

2019

J. Fluid Mech.

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“…The observation that centimeter to decimeter scale pumice raft clasts collapsed from jets and were not carried upwards in the water-rich plume indicates that the rise speed of the plume was slow. Specifically, the rise speed of the plume is required to be less than the fall speed of the clasts 45,46 . Modeling work has shown that external water can suppress the rise speed of plumes within several kms of the vent because of the energy associated with heating and vaporization of water 24,47 .…”

Section: Particle-plume Couplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous creation of a large vapor plume and pumice raft by a shallow submarine eruption

Fauria

Jutzeler²,

Mittal

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The August 12, 2021 eruption of Fukutoku-Okanoba, a shallow submarine volcano in the Izu-Bonin arc of Japan, is one of few documented submarine eruptions to make a large aerial plume and floating pumice raft. Relative to past eruptions, this event was well-covered by multiple high resolution satellite remote sensors. Here we use satellite remote sensing to assess the eruption style, rates, and products. We find that the 16 km plume was water-rich. Furthermore, we conclude that the 0.1 kmˆ3 raft and 16 km plume were co-genetic and suggest that pumice clasts were delivered to the raft by tephra jets rather than plume fallout. Finally, this eruption highlights a discrepancy between small erupted volumes and high plume heights that may be common for shallow explosive subaqueous eruptions.

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“…However, only two square tanks were tested in their experiments, which makes a systematic study on the impact of the weak confinement impossible. Lippert and Woods 25 examined theoretically and experimentally a particle fountain in a confined environment, and identified four regimes for the flow with different source conditions. Very recently, Dong et al 26 studied experimentally the behavior of confined laminar and turbulent round “fountain filling box” flow over 1.0 ≤ Fr ≤ 20.0, 102 ≤ Re ≤ 1502, and 27.9 ≤ λ ≤ 48.75.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct numerical simulation of “fountain filling box” flow with a confined weak laminar plane fountain

et al. 2022

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A "fountain filling box" flow produced by discharging a weak laminar plane fountain in a confined open channel is studied numerically. Two-dimensional direct numerical simulations were performed for weak plane fountains. The development of the fountain flow experiences five stages; the initial upflow and the subsequent downflow after the fountain penetrates to the maximum height, followed by the outward movement of the intrusion of the fallen fountain fluid on the channel bottom, and then the wall fountain formed by the impingement of the intrusion on the vertical sidewall, which results in the reversed flow, and finally the gradual stratification of the fluid. The behavior of the intrusion can be approximately described with the plane gravity current theory. The period for the intrusion to reach the bounded side wall increases with increasing Re or decreasing Fr. Three regimes are found for the wall fountain behavior; "nofalling," "slumping down," and "rolling down" behavior. Convection, mixing, conduction, and filling all

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Particle fountains in a confined environment

Cited by 5 publications

References 19 publications

Multiphase plumes in a stratified ambient

Multiphase plumes in a stratified ambient

Simultaneous creation of a large vapor plume and pumice raft by a shallow submarine eruption

Direct numerical simulation of “fountain filling box” flow with a confined weak laminar plane fountain

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