Particle-Gas Equilibria of Ammonia and Nicotine in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke

Ingebrethsen, Bradley J.; Lyman, Cynthia S.; Risner, Charles H.; Martín, Patricia A.; Gordon, Bert M.

doi:10.1080/02786820126850

Cited by 18 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Similar to the work by Pichelstorfer and Hofmann (2015), four different sets of data on nicotine deposition are used for the model comparison. Lewis et al (1994), Lewis et al (1995), Lipowicz and Piade (2004) determined nicotine retention in the denuder tube, while Ingebrethsen et al (2001) additionally investigated the deposition of ammonia within the tubes. All experimental setups are similar with some minor differences which are discussed elsewhere (Pichelstorfer and Hofmann 2015).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…No uncontrolled manipulation (with respect to impact on the aerosol) is included. The experiments were first described by Lewis et al (1994) and later on repeated by others (Ingebrethsen et al 2001;Lewis et al 1995;Lipowicz and Piad e 2004). The principle is very simple: freshly generated cigarette smoke is drawn through a vertically arranged glass tube which inner surface is coated with some acidic material to capture nicotine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The principle is very simple: freshly generated cigarette smoke is drawn through a vertically arranged glass tube which inner surface is coated with some acidic material to capture nicotine. The tube is cut in pieces and the coating is washed out and analyzed for nicotine and, in the case of Ingebrethsen et al (2001), ammonia (NH 3 ) deposition is also determined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simulation of cigarette smoke dynamics in denuder tubes considering particle phase chemistry

Pichelstorfer

Hofmann

2017

Aerosol Science and Technology

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The aerosol dynamics model ADiC was extended to include chemical reactions. It is used to computationally replicate denuder tube experiments where freshly generated cigarette smoke is drawn through a vertically arranged, acid covered tube to capture alkaline substances. The calculated deposition rates and total deposition are compared to experimental findings from several studies that investigated respective quantities for nicotine (and ammonia). Further, the form of deposition, vaporous and condensed phase, is considered. The model does not apply any parameters changing physico-chemical properties to fit simulation and experimental findings. The only variable parameter used in all simulations is the choice of the amount of acid initially in the system to establish a certain pH value. An initial pH of 5.9 to 6.25 (i.e. the baseline scenarios) allows for replicating the nicotine deposition rate and total deposition in the lower tube sections. For the same simulation, ammonia deposition rate and total deposition are of the order of the experimental data. For the simulation featuring the initially lower pH value, the deposition of ammonia is lower than the experimental datain the other case it is higher. Increasing the molality of alkaline substances initially in the system by roughly 20% drastically reduces the differences between simulated and measured nicotine deposition rate. The present model describes some aspects of the dynamics of the complex cigarette smoke in a simplified manner; however, since it is independent of experiment specific parameters it may be applied to other environments such as deposition in the respiratory tract.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simulation of cigarette smoke dynamics in denuder tubes considering particle phase chemistry

Pichelstorfer

Hofmann

2017

Aerosol Science and Technology

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“…Several methods have been developed by scientists within and outside the tobacco industry for measuring or estimating free-base nicotine delivery in cigarette smoke. These include the measurement of cigarette "smoke pH" as a means to estimate the fraction of free-base nicotine in cigarette smoke [6,7], the use of organic solvents, such as chloroform, to separate extractable (free-base) nicotine from PP smoke [8], the use of bubbler adsorption to trap the volatile (free-base) nicotine from cigarette smoke [9], and the use of denuder tubes to separate vapor phase (free-base) nicotine from PP nicotine [10,11]. Although each of these methods appears to have allowed some degree of relative comparison of free-base nicotine deliveries among brands, the major limitation is that none of these methods is able to provide absolute measurements of free-base nicotine delivery [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An improved headspace solid-phase microextraction method for the analysis of free-base nicotine in particulate phase of mainstream cigarette smoke

Bao¹,

Joza²,

Rickert³

et al. 2010

Analytica Chimica Acta

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“…The paper included a discussion of the role of the "effective pH of particulate phase" in nicotine absorption. For evaluating the mechanisms of nicotine uptake during smoking, the partitioning of nicotine and ammonia between the particulate and gas phases of cigarette mainstream smoke was studied by INGEBRETHSEN et al (123). Particulate-gas equilibria were determined by diffusion denuder collection.…”

Section: Tobacco Additives Like Ammonium Compounds That Are Alleged Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

Klus¹,

Scherer²,

Müller

2012

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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Tobacco additives play an important role in the manufacturing and for the quality of tobacco products, particularly cigarettes and roll-your-own tobaccos. Attention is increasingly given to the potential effects of additives on consumer behavior and health. This review is intended to compile, collate and - to some degree - evaluate the wealth of pertinent scientific information available from the published literature and other special sources. At first, the reasons are set forth for the use of additives in cigarette manufacturing. In response to the growing controversy over the attractiveness and addictiveness of smoking, the clarification of terms and concepts is followed by a detailed discussion of two kinds of substances with particular relevance: Additives like ammonium compounds that are claimed to increase nicotine availability, and additives that are claimed to increase nicotine addictiveness.The composition and toxicity of mainstream smoke of cigarettes with and without additives are assessed in several respects. The potentials of pyrolysis studies are explored by looking at a number of key studies and some basic considerations regarding in vitro and in vivo toxicity testing are addressed. Five major literature reviews on additives published between 1994 and 2004, and the results of several comprehensive experimental studies covering a large range of additives, released between 2002 and 2012, are dealt with in detail. Single tobacco additives of particular importance (menthol, glycerol, 1,2-propylene glycol, sorbitol, sugars, cocoa, licorice, citric acid, triacetin, and ammonium compounds) are discussed in dedicated chapters, which are generally subdivided into special sections: Use and toxicological assessment; inclusion level in cigarettes, transfer and pyrolysis; attractiveness and addictiveness; effect on cigarette mainstream smoke composition; effect on cigarette mainstream smoke toxicity. Epidemiological findings and data obtained by the biomonitoring of smokers consuming cigarettes with and without additives are compiled and interpreted specifically for American blend cigarettes, Virginia cigarettes, “French” (dark) cigarettes and menthol cigarettes whereby the focus is on the effects of additives on smoking topography and potential health risks.Opinionated reviews were published in recent years that are compromised by arbitrary selection of sources and unbalanced views. Leaving those unconsidered, the aggregated scientific knowledge shows that tobacco additives have only occasional and limited effects on cigarette mainstream smoke composition, which are almost never reflected in the results of toxicological in vitro assays or in vivo studies. This supports the conclusion that tobacco additives are not likely to increase the known health risks of smoking. There is also no evidence for sustaining claims that certain additives increase nicotine availability or nicotine addictiveness.

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Particle-Gas Equilibria of Ammonia and Nicotine in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke

Cited by 18 publications

References 11 publications

Simulation of cigarette smoke dynamics in denuder tubes considering particle phase chemistry

Simulation of cigarette smoke dynamics in denuder tubes considering particle phase chemistry

An improved headspace solid-phase microextraction method for the analysis of free-base nicotine in particulate phase of mainstream cigarette smoke

Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

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