Particle Size Determination from X-Ray Line Broadening

Birks, L. S.; Friedman, H.

doi:10.1063/1.1707771

Cited by 488 publications

(214 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…With increasing Ru thickness these fractions did not change and also the absolute intensities divided by the thicknessess did not change. The full width at half maximum ͑FWHM͒ of the largest peak ͑002͒ showed a decrease ͑sharp-ening͒ with increasing thickness, in good agreement with the Scherrer equation 6 that relates the thickness of the crystallites to the FWHM of the Bragg peak. This implies that the Ru layer has columnar growth, which was confirmed by TEM measurements of the Ru 45 sample ͑Fig.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 62%

Investigation of the as-deposited characteristics and the thermal stability of CoFe and Ru based multilayers

Bal

Keen

Rasing

et al. 2002

Journal of Applied Physics

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The as-deposited characteristics and the thermal stability at 300°C of CoFe and Ru based ultrathin multilayers have been investigated and structural and magnetic characteristics have been correlated. These layer systems constitute the basis of the hard artificial antiferromagnetic subsystem used in current sensors. The coercive field of 2 nm CoFe ͑3.5 kA/m͒ is found to increase linearly by a factor of 13 upon increasing the Ru seed layer thickness from 5 to 40 nm. The weakening of the exchange coupling due to the sharpening of the crystallite boundaries is likely the origin. Magnetization-induced second-harmonic generation measurements show that the CoFe/Ru interface remains magnetically active after 36 h with a magnetic contrast of 0.17, indicating that no strong mixing at the interface is taking place. In accordance, the saturation field of the antiferromagnetic coupling in Ru 5 /CoFe 2 /Ru 0.7 /CoFe 2 /Ru ͑nm͒ does not change during 20 h of annealing. However, slowly a remanent magnetization develops which is thought to be due to the formation of ferromagnetic shortcuts through the crystallite boundaries of the coupler.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 62%

Investigation of the as-deposited characteristics and the thermal stability of CoFe and Ru based multilayers

Bal

Keen

Rasing

et al. 2002

Journal of Applied Physics

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“…Thus, Fe 0 nanoparticles may be stabilized on the external surface of zeolite. XRD-based evaluations of the particle size indicated the size of about 40 nm based on the Debye-Scherrer method (Birks & Friedman 1946). The comparison between XRD patterns of Ze-nZVI before and after reacting with nitrate indicated that Fe 0 peaks were weakened significantly.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrate removal from aqueous solution using natural zeolite-supported zero-valent iron nanoparticles

2014

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Sepehri S., Heidarpour M., Abedi-Koupai J. (2014): Nitrate removal from aqueous solution using natural zeolite-supported zero-valent iron nanoparticles. Soil & Water Res., 9: 224-232.A report on the synthesis and characterization of nanoscale zero-valent iron in the presence of natural zeolite as a stabilizer is presented. This novel adsorbent (Ze-nZVI) was synthesized by the sodium borohydride reduction method. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that the stabilized nZVI particles were uniformly dispersed across the zeolite surface without obvious aggregation. The synthesized Ze-nZVI material was then tested for the removal of nitrate from aqueous solution. The effect of various parameters on the removal process, such as initial concentration of nitrate, contact time, initial pH, and Ze-nZVI dosage, was studied. Batch experiments revealed that the supported nZVI materials generally have great flexibility and high activity for nitrate removal from aqueous solution. The nitrogen mass balance calculation showed that ammonium was the major product of nitrate reduction by Ze-nZVI (more than 84% of the nitrate reduced); subsequently the natural zeolite in Ze-nZVI removed it completely via adsorption. The kinetic experiments indicated that the removal of nitrate followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The removal efficiency for nitrate decreased continuously with an increase in the initial solution pH value and Ze-nZVI dosage but increased with the increase in the initial concentration of nitrate. The overall results indicated the potential efficacy of Ze-nZVI for environmental remediation application.

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“…This was further explored by DSC, and the DSC cooling curves of RHDPE and RHDPE/clay hybrids are shown in Figure 4. Based on Scherrer's equation, the crystalline thickness perpendicular to the reflection plane (L hkl ), the long period, can be calculated as 14,32 Kl M is the measured width of the diffraction beam (rad); b I is the instrument width (rad); K is the shape factor of crystalline thickness, related to b 0 and L hkl . When b 0 is defined as the half-height width of diffraction peaks, K ¼ 0.9.…”

Section: 15mentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and properties of recycled HDPE/clay hybrids

Lei

Clemons

2006

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Hybrids based on recycled high density polyethylene (RHDPE) and organic clay were made by melt compounding. The influence of blending method, compatibilizers, and clay content on clay intercalation and exfoliation, RHDPE crystallization behavior, and the mechanical properties of RHDPE/clay hybrids were investigated. Both maleated polyethylene (MAPE) and titanate could improve the compatibilization of RHDPE and clay. RHDPE/clay hybrids containing completely exfoliated clay were obtained using a two-step blending method. Without compatibilizers, the clay could not be exfoliated, and it lowered the crystallization peak temperature, crystallinity level, and the long period of RHDPE. MAPE and clay layers could act as heterogeneous nucleating agents for RHDPE. The titanate had a little influence on crystallization behavior of RHDPE. Adding clay to RHDPE reduced the impact strength but had little influence on the tensile strength. Both the storage and loss moduli increased with up to 5% of clay in hybrids containing CAPS, and there was an about 44% increase in impact strength of RHDPE/clay hybrid containing 5% MAPE compared with that of the hybrid containing no MAPE. The clay presence lowered the thermal stability of RHDPE.

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Particle Size Determination from X-Ray Line Broadening

Cited by 488 publications

References 5 publications

Investigation of the as-deposited characteristics and the thermal stability of CoFe and Ru based multilayers

Investigation of the as-deposited characteristics and the thermal stability of CoFe and Ru based multilayers

Nitrate removal from aqueous solution using natural zeolite-supported zero-valent iron nanoparticles

Preparation and properties of recycled HDPE/clay hybrids

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