Particle verbs are heads and phrases

35. Particle verbs in Germanic

“…Complex predicate analyses assume that verb and particle form a constituent, either a complex verbal head of the form V 0 (e.g., Johnson 1991; Koizumi 1993;Neeleman and Weerman 1993;Stiebels and Wunderlich 1994;Olsen 1997Olsen , 2000Ackerman and Webelhuth 1998;Dehé 2002;Blom 2005: 41−45 and see article 23 on particle-verb formation, for critical discussions), or a non-minimal/non-maximal verbal projection (e.g., Booij 1990;Lüdeling 2001;Zeller 2001Zeller , 2002. Non-complex-predicate approaches assume that the particle projects its own phrase, often forming a constituent with the phrase referred to as nominal object in the discussion above.…”

“…Examples of the latter are given immediately below. Zeller (2002) presents a comparative account of particle verbs in two VO languages (English, Norwegian) and two OV languages (Dutch, German). He concludes that the relevant differences with respect to particle-verb behaviour are a consequence of independent properties, such as VO/OV-parameter setting and the V2 property.…”

23. Particle-verb formation

“…(14) think the problem through/over / *think the problem Complex predicate analyses either assume that the verb and particle form a phrasal constituent, e.g., V', (Booij 1990;Lüdeling 2001;Müller 2002;Zeller 2001bZeller , 2002 or Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 7/8/15 2:23 AM that they form a compound-like morphological object (complex head) (Dehé 2002;Farrell 2005;Johnson 1991;Neeleman and Weerman 1993;Stiebels and Wunderlich 1994;Stiebels 1996). There are also hybrid analyses in which particles initially form phrasal constituents with verbs, but reanalyse with, or incorporates into, verbs to form complex heads with them (Basilico 2008;Haider 1997;Toivonen 2003;Winkler 1997;Zeller 2002).…”

“…See, e.g., Müller (2003), Stiebels and Wunderlich (1994) and Zeller (2002) on the German cases. In English one finds walked out but not *walk out-ed.…”

The optimal placement of up and ab ? a comparison

“…' Numerous suggestions have been made in the generative literature to account for these constructions and for the alternating word orders syntactically, many of them being language specific (e.g. for English : Johnson 1991, Koizumi 1993, Nicol 2002, Dehé 2002for German: Stiebels & Wunderlich 1994, Olsen 1997, Wurmbrand 2000, Lüdeling 2001; but see Zeller 2002 for a notable exception). In Dehé (2002) I showed that in English, the choice of the word order is not optional, but that it is to a great extent determined by the information structure of the context in which the construction is embedded.…”