Particles formation due to the wear of tires and measures for the wear reduction: A review

Stojanović, Nadica; Abdullah, Oday I.; Grujić, Ivan; Boskovic, Bojana

doi:10.1177/09544070211067879

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 133 publications

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“…The emission factors presented refer to solid particles only (i.e., they do not evaporate at 350 • C) or, in a few cases, total particles, but without a separate nucleation mode. A volatile nucleation mode has been reported many times in the literature, when the temperature at the brake exceeds a critical temperature, typically in the range of 165 and 240 • C (see studies in [80] and discussion in [125]). This was already reported in 2000 [44] and confirmed by recent studies [52,71,103].…”

Section: Total Vs Solid Particlesmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Light-Duty Vehicle Brake Emission Factors

Giechaskiel,

Grigoratos,

Dilara

et al. 2024

Atmosphere

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Particulate Matter (PM) air pollution has been linked to major adverse health effects. Road transport still contributes significantly to ambient PM concentrations, but mainly due to the non-exhaust emissions from vehicles. For the first time worldwide, limits for non-exhaust emissions have been proposed by the European Union for the upcoming Euro 7 step. For these reasons, interest in brake emissions has increased in the past few years. Realistic emission factors are necessary to accurately calculate the contribution of brake emissions to air pollution but also to estimate the emissions reduction potential of new or existing technologies and improved brake formulations. This paper reviews emission factors from light-duty vehicles reported in the literature, with a focus on those that followed the recently introduced Global Technical Regulation (GTR 24) methodology on brakes in light-duty vehicles. Reduction efficiencies of non-asbestos organic (NAO) pads, brake dust filters, ceramic discs, coated discs, and regenerative braking are also discussed. Finally, the emission factors are compared with roadside measurements of brake emissions and emission inventories worldwide. The findings of this study can be used as an input in emission inventories to estimate the contribution of brakes to air pollution.

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Section: Total Vs Solid Particlesmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Many studies have demonstrated that the pad's composition has an impact on wear and particle formation (see studies in review [80]). From the previous section, it is evident that NAO pads have lower emissions than ECE (metallic) pads.…”

Section: Ece Vs Nao Padsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light-Duty Vehicle Brake Emission Factors

Giechaskiel,

Grigoratos,

Dilara

et al. 2024

Atmosphere

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“…With regard to tire inflation pressure, there are indications that less PM is emitted at the correct inflation pressure [14]. Besides that, it is often mentioned that tire wear is influenced by the tire inflation pressure [15] and decreases with increasing inflation pressure [16][17][18]. However, it must be taken into account that this statement may not apply to particulate emissions, as these are made up of tire and road wear particles, and a higher tire inflation pressure could well contribute to greater road wear due to higher contact pressure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Vertical Load, Inflation Pressure, and Driving Speed on the Emission of Tire–Road Particulate Matter and Its Size Distribution

Schläfle,

Zhang,

Unrau

et al. 2024

Atmosphere

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As fleet electrification progresses, vehicles are continuously becoming heavier, while the used electric motors, with their high torques, enable longitudinal dynamics to be maintained or even increased. This raises the question of what effect electric vehicles have on the emission of tire–road particulate matter (PM). To answer this question, investigations were carried out in this study on a tire internal drum test bench with real road surfaces. In addition to the vertical load, the tire inflation pressure and the driving speed were varied. PM emissions were recorded in real time, resulting in emission factors (emission per kilometer driven) for different load conditions. This allows statements to be made about both the effect on the total emission and on the particle size distribution. It was shown that the PM emission increases linearly with the vertical load at constant longitudinal dynamics. If the tire inflation pressure is increased, the emission also increases linearly, and the increases in emission are equally large for both influences. A clear influence of the driving speed on the emission factor could not be determined. With regard to the particle size distribution, the following correlations were found: higher vertical load and higher tire inflation pressure result in a larger mean particle diameter, while a higher driving speed reduces it. Thus, this study contributes to a better understanding of the expected changes in tire-road PM emissions as a result of electrification.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, there has been much research in the past on the optimization of the brake manufacturing process. However, insights into the wear process, factors affecting it, and the interaction among the wear process variables are still needed [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. Because of the complexity of the wear process, a scientific methodology is required to investigate the tribological properties of the friction pair.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Process Optimization of Automotive Brake Material in Dry Sliding Using Taguchi and ANOVA Techniques for Wear Control

et al. 2022

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In this paper, an investigation of the load-dependent wear behavior of copper-free semi-metallic brake material is presented. The experiments were conducted in ambient thermal settings with varying sliding velocities (3.141 m/s, 2.09 m/s, and 1.047 m/s), normal load (60 N, 50 N, and 40 N), and sliding distance (4500 m, 3000 m, and 1500 m). Taguchi’s method was used in designing experiments to examine the output through an L9 orthogonal array. ANOVA was used to identify the consequence of interactions among different constraints. It also established the significant contribution of each process factor. The objective was set as the ‘smaller is better’ criterion to find minimum wear conditions. The impact of the normal load on the wear process was found to be maximum (71.02%), followed by sliding velocity (27.84%) and sliding distance (1.14%). The optimum condition for the minimum wear rate was found at 40 N normal load, 1500 m sliding distance, and 3.14 m/s sliding velocity. The results were confirmed with validatory friction experiment runs. The resulting error was within 10% error, which verified the experiment methods. The SEM investigation of worn surfaces of pin and disc confirmed abrasive wear and adhesive wear at 60 N and 40 N, respectively.

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Particles formation due to the wear of tires and measures for the wear reduction: A review

Cited by 5 publications

References 133 publications

Light-Duty Vehicle Brake Emission Factors

Light-Duty Vehicle Brake Emission Factors

Influence of Vertical Load, Inflation Pressure, and Driving Speed on the Emission of Tire–Road Particulate Matter and Its Size Distribution

Process Optimization of Automotive Brake Material in Dry Sliding Using Taguchi and ANOVA Techniques for Wear Control

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