Particles in swimming pool filters – Does pH determine the DBP formation?

Hansen, Kamilla Marie Speht; Willach, Sarah; Mosbæk, Hans; Andersen, Henrik Rasmus

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.01.003

Cited by 50 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Similar tests have been used in other studies that investigated the potential of formation of NCl 3 (Schmalz et al, 2011), THM and HAA in swimming pool water (Kanan and Karanfil, 2011), and THM, HAN and HAA from particles from a swimming pool (Hansen et al, 2012).…”

Section: Dbp Formation Testsmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…Studies on drinking water chlorination at pH <7 reported decrease in THMs concentration while HAA formation increases or decreases depending on the source water (Bougeard et al, 2008;Liang and Singer, 2003). A recent study with particles of anthropogenic origin found that THM and HAA formations were reduced by decreasing pH while HAN formation increased with decreasing pH (Hansen et al, 2012).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effect of pH on the formation of disinfection byproducts in swimming pool water – Is less THM better?

et al. 2012

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This study investigated the formation and predicted toxicity of different groups of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) from human exudates in relation to chlorination of pool water at different pH values. Specifically, the formation of the DBP groups trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs) and trichloramine (NCl 3 ), resulting from the chlorination of body fluid analog, were investigated at 6.0 ≤ pH ≤ 8.0. Either the initial concentration of active chorine or free chlorine was kept constant in the tested pH range. THM formation was reduced by decreasing pH but HAN, and NCl 3 formation increased at decreasing pH whereas the formation of HAAs remained constant. Under our experimental conditions, the formation of NCl 3 (suspected asthma inducing compound) at pH = 6.0 was an order of magnitude higher than at pH = 7.5. Furthermore, the effect of the presence of bromide on DBP formation was investigated and found to follow the same pH dependency as without bromide present, with the overall DBP formation increasing, except for HAAs. Estimation of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of the chlorinated human exudates showed that among the quantified DBP groups, HAN formation were responsible for the majority of the toxicity from the measured DBPs in both absence and presence of bromide.

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Section: Dbp Formation Testsmentioning

confidence: 79%

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confidence: 99%

Effect of pH on the formation of disinfection byproducts in swimming pool water – Is less THM better?

et al. 2012

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“…The analyses were performed as previously published in (Hansen et al, 2012a). In brief free chlorine was quenched by adding ammonium chloride solution to the vials before they were filled head-space-free with sample.…”

Section: Analysis Of Trihalomethanes and Haloacetonitrilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When DBP precursors are in the water a potential method improvement suggested in literature is to lower the pH in order to reduce the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) (Kristensen et al, 2007). However, recent studies reported an increased formation of the more toxic DBP group, haloacetonitriles (HANs), when decreasing the pH (Hansen et al, 2012a;Hansen et al, 2012b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photolytic removal of DBPs by medium pressure UV in swimming pool water

Hansen

Zortea

Piketty

et al. 2013

Science of The Total Environment

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Medium pressure UV is used for controlling the concentration of combined chlorine (chloramines) in many public swimming pools. Little is known about the fate of other disinfection by-products (DBPs) in UV treatment. Photolysis by medium pressure UV treatment was investigated for 12 DBPs reported to be found in swimming pool water: chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, bromoform, dichloroacetonitrile, bromochloroacetonitrile, dibromoacetronitrile, trichloroacetonitrile, trichloronitromethane, dichloropropanone, trichloropropanone, and chloral hydrate. First order photolysis constants ranged 26-fold from 0.020 min Using the UV removal of combined chlorine as an actinometer, the rate constants were recalculated to actual treatment doses of UV applied in a swimming pool. In an investigated public pool the UV dose was equivalent to an applied electrical energy of 1.34 kWh m . It was predicted thus that a beneficial side-effect of applying UV for removing combined chlorine from the pool water could be a significant removal of trichloronitromethane, chloral hydrate and the bromine containing haloacetonitriles and trihalomethanes.

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“…Modern living requires the usage of myriads of xenobiotics including pesticides, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and solvents that find their way into the natural environment (Antoniou et al, 2013;de la Cruz et al, 2011;Esperanza et al, 2007;Hansen et al, 2010;Hansen et al, 2012;Marfil-Vega et al, 2011). Though found at small concentrations (thus are commonly known as micropollutants) they can still have adverse effects in the ecosystem.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of UVC/S2O82− with UVC/H2O2 in terms of efficiency and cost for the removal of micropollutants from groundwater

Antoniou

Andersen

2015

Chemosphere

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Highlights Cost comparison of UVC/HP and UVC/PS for groundwater treatment.  UVC/PS performed better for atrazine removal in Milli-Q water.  UVC/HP had a better overall performance for the removal of the mixture of contaminants.  Results from the collimated beam apparatus were comparable to the flow-through system.  UVC/PS is economically feasible for special matrices where selective oxidation is required. Graphical Abstract 2 AbstractThis study compared the UVC/S 2 O 8 2-system with the more commonly used AOP in water industry, UVC/H 2 O 2 , and examined whether the first one can be an economically feasible alternative technology. Atrazine and 4 volatile compounds (methyl tert-butyl ether, cisdichlorethen, 1,4-dioxane and 1,1,1-trichloroethane) were chosen as model contaminants because they exhibit different susceptibility to UVC photolysis and AOPs. A collimated beam apparatus was utilized for the majority of the experiments (controlled environment, without mass transfer phenomena), while selected experiments were performed in a flow-through reactor to simulate industrial applications. Initial experiments on the activation of oxidants with a LP lamp indicated that S 2 O 8 2-is photolysed about 2.3 times faster than H 2 O 2 and that the applied treatment times were not sufficient to utilize the majority of the oxidant. The effect of oxidants' concentrations were tested with atrazine alone and in the micropollutants' mixture and it was decided to use 11.8 mg/L S 2 O 8 2-and 14.9 mg/L H 2 O 2 for further testing since is closer to industrial applications and to minimize the residual oxidant concentration. Changes of the matrix composition of the treated water were investigated with the addition of chloride, bicarbonate and humic acids at concentrations relevant to a well-water-sample, the results showed that the system least affected was UVC/H 2 O 2 . Only when bicarbonate was used, UVC/S 2 O 8 2-performed better. Overall, testing these systems with the mixture of micropollutants gave better insights to their efficiency than atrazine alone and UVC/S 2 O 8 2-is recommended for selective oxidation of challenging matrices.

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Particles in swimming pool filters – Does pH determine the DBP formation?

Cited by 50 publications

References 28 publications

Effect of pH on the formation of disinfection byproducts in swimming pool water – Is less THM better?

Effect of pH on the formation of disinfection byproducts in swimming pool water – Is less THM better?

Photolytic removal of DBPs by medium pressure UV in swimming pool water

Comparison of UVC/S2O82− with UVC/H2O2 in terms of efficiency and cost for the removal of micropollutants from groundwater

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