Particulate Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles: A Putative Proallergic Hazard?

Polosa, Riccardo; Salvi, Sundeep

doi:10.1155/1999/454909

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Although particulate sources tend to vary from place to place, the chief source of emission is diesel-engine combustion, inasmuch as diesel engines emit 100 times more particulates than gasoline engines equipped with catalysers [33]. Laboratory studies confirm that the emission of diesel particulates can have effects on the immune system, by acting as an adjuvant that boosts allergic inflammation [34].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-term effects of air pollution on daily asthma emergency room admissions

Galán¹,

Tobías²,

Banegas³

et al. 2003

Eur Respir J

167

120

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Many time-series studies have shown positive associations between air pollutants and asthma morbidity. However, few studies have included pollen as a potential confounder when examining this relationship.This study analysed the short-term association between air pollutants (sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), particles measured with a median aerodynamic diameter of v10 mm (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and ozone (O 3 )) and asthma emergency room admissions in Madrid, Spain, in 1995-1998, adjusting for four types of pollen with allergenic potential (Olea europaea, Plantago sp., Poaceae and Urticaceae). Data were analysed using autoregressive Poisson regression and generalised additive models (GAM).The strongest associations were observed at 1 day lag for O 3 , and 3 days lag for the remaining pollutants. Using Poisson regression, a single-pollutant model showed that a 10-mg?m -3 rise in pollutant level led to relative risks of: 1.039 for PM10; 1.029 for SO 2 ; 1.033 for NO 2 ; and 1.045 for O 3 . Adjustment for the different types of pollen led to no substantial variation in these associations. In the multipollutant models for cold-season pollutants (including PM10, SO 2 and the four types of pollen) and photochemical pollutants (including NO 2 , O 3 and the four types of pollen) the associations for PM10, NO 2 and O 3 held, but no relationship with SO 2 was evident. GAM analysis yielded the same results, both in terms of lags and of quantification of the effect for all pollutants.In conclusion, the usual air pollution levels in Madrid were associated with an increase in asthma emergency room admissions, and this association remained controlling for the presence of ambient pollen. Eur Respir J 2003; 22: 802-808.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-term effects of air pollution on daily asthma emergency room admissions

Galán¹,

Tobías²,

Banegas³

et al. 2003

Eur Respir J

167

120

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In recent years, epidemiological studies have suggested a signi cant association between human health effects and ambient levels of PM 10 and PM 2:5 , either of generic composition or D 4 , NO x , and certain organic compounds (EPA 1996;Spurny 1996;Lippmann and Thurston 1996;Comstock 1998;Gamble 1998;Polosa and Salvi 1999;Lamm et al 1999). Inhalation is the predominant exposure pathway to anthropogenic airborne pollutants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth and Deposition of Hygroscopic Particulate Matter in the Human Lungs

Broday

Georgopoulos

2001

Aerosol Science and Technology

124

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Transport and fate of inhaled particulate matter in the human lungs is calculated for realistic physicochemical conditions by a new dosimetry model. The model solves a variant of the general dynamic equation for the size evolution of respirable particles within the human tracheobronchial airways, starting at the tracheal entrance. We focus on ambient anthropogenic aerosols, which are of concern in inhalation toxicology because of their potential irritant and toxic effects on humans. The aerosols considered are polydisperse with respect to size and heterodisperse with respect to thermodynamic state and chemical composition, having initially bimodal lognormal size distribution that evolves with time as a result of condensationevaporation and deposition processes. The architecture of the human lung is described by Weibel's symmetric bronchial tree.Simulations reveal that, due to the rapid growth of submicronsized particles, increased number and mass fractions of the particle population can be found in the intermediate size range 0.1 < Á < 1 ¹m. Since deposition by diffusion decreases with size increase, ne nonhygroscopic particles are less persistent in the inspired air than hygroscopic particles of comparable initial size distribution. In contrast, the enhanced deposition of hygroscopic particles, initially from the intermediate size range, increases their fraction in the biological dose delivered to the airways. The combined effect of growth and deposition tends to (i) decrease the size nonuniformity of persistent particles in the airways and form an aerosol that is characterized by smaller variance; and (ii) alter the deposition prole along the airways. The modulated local dose consists of excess intermediate-sized particles, some of which may carry toxic components causing a systemic response or inducing localized lesions that can affect observed health effects.

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“…However, although genetic factors in addition to allergen exposure are important, the observed rise in the prevalence of allergic conditions is likely to be ensuing from modifications occurring in the environment (1)(2)(3). The remarkable expansion in motor vehicle traffic and its associated emissions has paralleled the world-wide increase in the prevalence of respiratory tract conditions (4). Over the last 40 years the global vehicular fleet has expanded ten-fold and the number of vehicles are predicted to increase even further over the next 20-30 years (5).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse respiratory effects and allergic susceptibility in relation to particulate air pollution: flirting with disaster

Cacciola

Sarvà

Polosa

2002

Allergy

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The prevalence of allergic conditions such as asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic eczema/dermatitis has steadily increased in recent decades. Elicitation of an IgE-mediated allergic trait appears to be determined by the complex interplay of multiple genetic and environmental factors. However, although genetic factors in addition to allergen exposure are important, the observed rise in the prevalence of allergic conditions is likely to be ensuing from modifications occurring in the environment (1-3). The remarkable expansion in motor vehicle traffic and its associated emissions has paralleled the world-wide increase in the prevalence of respiratory tract conditions (4). Over the last 40 years the global vehicular fleet has expanded ten-fold and the number of vehicles are predicted to increase even further over the next 20-30 years (5). Estimates by the United Nations indicate that over 600 million people living in cities and towns world-wide are exposed to unhealthy and dangerous levels of motor vehicle generated air pollutants (6).Although the health effects of urban air pollution on the respiratory tract has been the focus of much research in recent times, it appears that less attention has been given to the potential role of pollutants emitted from motor vehicle exhausts in the elicitation of allergic conditions. Several laboratory based studies have demonstrated that particulate air pollutants emitted from motor vehicles can induce mucosal inflammation, enhance IgE responses, and heighten airway hyperresponsivenss which could provide an explanation for the increasing prevalence of respiratory symptoms and allergic diseases (7). The present article reviews our current understanding of the mechanisms by which pollutants such as diesel exhaust particles (DEP) enhance the underlying allergic inflammatory response, and the evidence that supports the causative link between particulate air pollution from motor vehicles and increasing allergic diseases. This article will comply with the recently revised nomenclature of allergic disorders proposed by an EAACI task force (8).Particulate air pollutants and respiratory symptoms: epidemiological evidence A number of epidemiological studies in several countries support the view that exposure to traffic-related pollutants is associated with a broad spectrum of adverse short-term respiratory effects in vulnerable individuals. Studies in Japan (9-11) have shown that people living close to main roads with heavy traffic suffered more respiratory symptoms and allergies than those living further away. Similar studies carried out in the UK (12) and in the Netherlands (13, 14) reported increased respiratory symptoms and reduced lung function in those children living in close proximity of roads with high traffic intensity, which positively correlated with the levels of particulate matter in the

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Particulate Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles: A Putative Proallergic Hazard?

Cited by 16 publications

References 59 publications

Short-term effects of air pollution on daily asthma emergency room admissions

Short-term effects of air pollution on daily asthma emergency room admissions

Growth and Deposition of Hygroscopic Particulate Matter in the Human Lungs

Adverse respiratory effects and allergic susceptibility in relation to particulate air pollution: flirting with disaster

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