Particulate and Nicotine Sampling in Public Facilities and Offices

Miesner, Elizabeth A.; Rudnick, Stephen N.; Hu, Fu‐Chang; Spengler, John D.; Preller, Liesbeth; Özkaynak, Halûk; Nelson, William

doi:10.1080/08940630.1989.10466652

Cited by 36 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 6 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Weekly nicotine and RSP indoor levels were shown to be related in a linear fashion with the reported number of cigarettes smoked in the house during that period, as shown in figure 4. The ratio of RSP: nicotine was around 11, which was in accordance with other field studies yielding estimates ranging 9-10 [33,34]. Vapour-phase nicotine was thus judged to be a good predictor for ETS-related RSP.…”

Section: Selected Studies Of Indoor Air Nicotine and Rspsupporting

confidence: 73%

Assessment of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke

Jaakkola¹,

Jaakkola²

1997

Eur Respir J

237

221

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Since the early 1980s, there has been growing concern about potential adverse health effects related to exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Evidence has accumulated on ill-health associated with ETS, and such exposure has now been documented among children and adults in many countries [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. A major difficulty in studying the ill-health effects of ETS has been assessing exposure, since this may occur in multiple settings with highly variable concentrations and exposure profiles may vary considerably during different age periods. Accurate and precise exposure assessment is crucial, since health effects of ETS are likely to be relatively small in magnitude. Appropriate exposure assessment is also needed for inferring causality and for risk assessment. In addition, exposure assessment is obviously necessary for development of preventive strategies.The purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical framework for assessment of exposure to ETS, and to review current methods of exposure assessment in order to provide guidelines for choice of appropriate methods for different types of study. General definitions and concepts of exposure and its assessment will be presented, followed by definitions and components of ETS. The principles for assessment of ETS exposure will then be presented. Current methods of assessment will be reviewed in terms of their advantages and disadvantages, followed by a very brief summary of the ill-health effects of ETS. This allows the criteria for selection of the appropriate method of assessing ETS exposure to be set in context, and to be formulated as user guidelines. Definitions of concentration, exposure and dose ConcentrationConcentration is the amount of a contaminant at a particular location in a particular medium [9]. For example, for an air pollutant it is the amount of the material contained in a specified volume of air. Air pollutant concentrations are usually expressed as mass per unit volume, e.g. µg·m -3 , and gaseous pollutants may also be expressed as a mixing ratio with air, e.g. parts per million (ppm) by volume. Air pollutant concentrations vary in time and space. ExposureExposure is defined as the contact of pollutant with a susceptible surface of the human body [9][10][11]. For ETS, this means contact with the eyes, the epithelium of the nose, mouth and throat, and the lining of the airways and alveoli. With respect to time, there are a number of possible formulations, including instantaneous exposure, peak exposure, average exposure over a specified time period, and cumulative exposure [11]. The best approach to assess ETS exposure will depend on the aim of the study, the health outcome, and the resources. Personal monitoring of nicotine or RSPs is the best method in studies of short-term health effects with small study samples. Stationary measurements of indoor air nicotine or RSPs are suitable for overall monitoring of ETS in different microenvironments over time. Questionnaires and interviews are suitable when studying health outcomes ...

show abstract

Section: Selected Studies Of Indoor Air Nicotine and Rspsupporting

confidence: 73%

Assessment of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke

Jaakkola¹,

Jaakkola²

1997

Eur Respir J

237

221

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…15 PM 2.5 concentrations in nonsmoking buildings in the Boston metropolitan area ranged from 11 to 20 µg/m 3 and from 26 to 80 µg/m 3 for office buildings that allowed smoking. 24 Little difference was observed between using the apartment or facility as the residential PM concentration, most likely because the two major indoor sources of PM, cooking and smoking, 13 were not present for either the Baltimore or Fresno study participants. The main differences occurred when the sample size was less than 30 (restaurants, other homes, and work).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other studies have reported mean PM 2. 24 Stores are not likely to be significant sources of PM 2.5 exposures; however, frequent door opening and closing will enhance mixing with outdoor air and may lead to elevated indoor PM 2.5 concentrations. Spending time in other people's residences and being at work were also found to be significant sources of PM 2.5 exposure (see Table 1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Human Activity Patterns on Personal PM Exposure: A Comparative Analysis of Filter-Based and Continuous Particle Measurements

Rea

Zufall

Williams

et al. 2001

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Particulate matter (PM) exposure data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-sponsored 1998 Baltimore and 1999 Fresno PM exposure studies were analyzed to identify important microenvironments and activities that may lead to increased particle exposure for select elderly (>65 years old) subjects. Integrated 24-hr filter-based PM 2.5 or PM 10 mass measurements [using Personal Environmental Monitors(PEMs)] included personal measurements, indoor and outdoor residential measurements, and measurements at a central indoor site and a community monitoring site. A subset of the participants in each study wore passive nephelometers that continuously measured (1-min averaging time) particles ranging in size from 0.1 to ~10 µm. Significant activities and locations were identified by a statistical mixed model (p < 0.01) for each study population based on the measured PM 2.5 or PM 10 mass and time activity data. Elevated PM concentrations were associated with traveling (car or bus), commercial locations (store, office, mall, etc.), restaurants, and working.The modeled results were compared to continuous PM concentrations determined by the nephelometers while participants were in these locations. Overall, the nephelometer data agreed within 6% of the modeled PM 2.5 results for the Baltimore participants and within ~20% for the Fresno participants (variability was due to zero drift associated with the nephelometer). The nephelometer did not agree as well with the PM 10 mass measurements, most likely because the nephelometer optimally responds to fine particles (0.3-2 µm). Approximately onehalf (54 ± 31%; mean ± standard deviation from both studies) of the average daily PM 2.5 exposure occurred inside residences, where the participants spent an average of 83 ± 10% of their time. These data also showed that a significant portion of PM 2.5 exposure occurred in locations where participants spent only 4-13% of their time.

show abstract

“…Five of the locations with active smoking were sampled at a time or place when no smoking was occurring; the matched concentrations (smoking/no smoking) were 279/30; 110/55; 109/ 30; 86/51; and 107/30 ug/m 3 ; however, since other conditions had also changed, these values cannot be considered quantitatively comparable. Miesner et al (1989) sampled PM 25 and nicotine in 57 locations within 21 indoor sites in Metropolitan Boston between July 1987 and February 1988 using Harvard impactors. Nicotine was collected on sodium bisulfate-impregnated filters placed downstream from the Teflon filters used to collect the particles.…”

Section: Studies In Buildingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor Particles: A Review

Wallace¹

1996

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

661

440

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper reviews studies of particle concentrations and sources in homes and buildings. Three major studies of indoor and outdoor concentrations in U.S. homes are summarized in detail and compared. A number of smaller studies in homes are also briefly summarized. One study of 38 buildings and several smaller studies of buildings are also reviewed.All major studies found that an important indoor source of fine and coarse particles was cigarette smoking, with estimated increases in homes with smokers ranging from 25 to 45 jig/m 3 PM 2 5 . Several studies identified cooking as a second important source. All of the three major studies found a substantial portion of indoor particles to be due to unexplained indoor sources, suggesting a topic for future research. One study also found a large unexplained increase in personal exposure to PM 10 compared to concurrent indoor or outdoor concentrations-the so-called "personal cloud," a second topic for further research.The impact of outdoor air particles on indoor concentrations was considered. Equilibrium mass balance models indicate that this is a function of the penetration P through the building envelope, the air exchange rate a, and the particle decay rate k. EPA' s PTEAM Study provided an estimate for k of 0.39 h 1 for fine particles and 1.01 h 1 for coarse particles. Two studies suggest that P = 1 for PM 10 . Using these results, the fraction of outdoor air PM 2 s and PM 10 particles found indoors at a given air exchange rate can be calculated. The protective effect of reducing air exchange rates during periods of high outdoor particle pollution can thus be quantified.

show abstract

Particulate and Nicotine Sampling in Public Facilities and Offices

Cited by 36 publications

References 6 publications

Assessment of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke

Assessment of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke

The Influence of Human Activity Patterns on Personal PM Exposure: A Comparative Analysis of Filter-Based and Continuous Particle Measurements

Indoor Particles: A Review

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About