Particulate and trace metal emission from mosquito coil and cigarette burning in environmental chamber

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to characterize the emissions of indoor air pollutants from the burning of mosquito coils and cigarettes using a closed environmental chamber, to compare air pollutant emissions from different types of mosquito coils and cigarettes, which are popular in Indian market; to quantify emissions from burning of mosquito coils and cigarettes with respect to particulate matter (PM 0.25 , PM 1.0 , PM 2.5 , and PM 10) and metals. Smoke contains several thousands of chemicals and heavy metals, and most of them are formed during the burning of cigarettes and burning of mosquito coils. The present study attempts to characterize the emissions of PM and heavy metals from different types of mosquito coils and cigarettes burning which were monitored in three different phases pre-burning, during burning, and post-burning. Five different brands of cigarette and mosquito coils were taken which are commonly used in India. Samples collected were analyzed for heavy metal (Al, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, Se, and Sc) concentration using ICP-AES, and the morphological analysis was performed with the help of scanning electron microscopy. The trend of concentration of PM in mosquito coil is followed as M1 > M3 > M2 > M4 > M5, and in a cigarette it was C5 > C2 > C4 > C3 > C1. The study suggests that burning of mosquito coil and a cigarette in the indoor environment emits quiet higher respirable PM, which may on prolonged exposure lead to illnesses. The maximum concentration of Al, Cu, Zn and Mn was found higher, while that of Cd, V and Se was below the detection limit in both types of samples. Calculations were made to explore expected cancer and non-cancer risks, using published toxicity potentials for three metals (Cr, Pb, and Ni). Hazards quotient values for adults were under safe limit. The order of excess cancer risk for the carcinogenic elements follows the similar trend for both cigarette and mosquito coils in adults; it was observed as Pb < Ni < Cr. Overall, the cancer risk was below the acceptable level (10 −4-10 −6).

Association between prenatal exposure to indoor air pollution and autistic‐like behaviors among preschool children

“…However, it is well understood that indoor air pollution has many sources, such as cooking, ETS, using mosquito coils, and home renovations, especially in developing countries. Complex mixtures of hazardous pollutants present in our buildings and produced by our lifestyles, such as PM, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), oxides of carbon (CO x ), and oxides of nitrogen (NO x ), can be detrimental to neurodevelopment 60–65 . Some of these hazardous compounds may induce a systemic inflammatory reaction, 66 oxidative stress, 67 epigenetic alterations, 68 decline of placental blood flow, 69,70 and reduction of the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐PX), 71 all of which are may lead to neuronal structural damage or neurodevelopment delay 72–74 .…”

“…Complex mixtures of hazardous pollutants present in our buildings and produced by our lifestyles, such as PM, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), oxides of carbon (CO x ), and oxides of nitrogen (NO x ), can be detrimental to neurodevelopment. [60][61][62][63][64][65] Some of these hazardous compounds may induce a systemic inflammatory reaction, 66 oxidative stress, 67 epigenetic alterations, 68 decline of placental blood flow, 69,70 and reduction of the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), 71 all of which are may lead to neuronal structural damage or neurodevelopment delay. [72][73][74] However, further longitudinal studies and animal trials are needed to explore the exact mechanism by which maternal exposure to indoor air pollution during pregnancy induces preschooler's autisticlike behaviors and ASD.…”

Evaluating the Particulate Matter and Carbon Dioxide Reduction of Four Broad-leaved Evergreen Plants

“…The findings will provide a scientific basis for designing effective greening strategies to improve indoor air quality. Because the burning of mosquito coils releases a significant amount of PM, including PM10 and PM2.5, mosquito coils were often used as a PM source in many experiments concerning PM reduction in indoor environments or chambers (Khandelwal et al, 2019;Kwon et al, 2021). This study used a mosquito coil and CO 2 cylinder as a CO 2 and PM source.…”

Dynamic of Particulate Matter for Quotidian Aerosol Sources in Indoor Air

“…Over the past two decades, several epidemiological and clinical studies have been conducted that indicate a relationship between exposure to particulate matter (PM) and numerous health effects [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. PM exposure mostly occurs indoors, as people spend a major part of their lives indoors at home or the workplace (approximately 90%) [16,18].…”