Particulate Emissions from a Pre-Emissions Control Era Spark-Ignition Vehicle: A Historical Benchmark

Abstract

This study examined the particulate emissions from a pre-emissions control era vehicle operated on both leaded and unleaded fuels for the purpose of establishing a historical benchmark. A pre-control vehicle was located that had been rebuilt with factory original parts to approximate an as-new vehicle prior to 1968. The vehicle had less than 20,000 miles on the rebuilt engine and exhaust. The vehicle underwent repeated FTP-75 tests to determine its regulated emissions, including particulate mass. Additionally, measurements of the particulate size distribution were made, as well as particulate lead concentration. These tests were conducted first with UTG96 certification fuel, followed by UTG96 doped with tetraethyl lead to approximate 1968 levels. Results of these tests, including transmission electron micrographs of individual particles from both the leaded and unleaded case are presented.The FTP composite PM emissions from this vehicle averaged 40.5 mg/mile using unleaded fuel. The results from the leaded fuel tests showed that the FTP composite PM emissions increased to an average of 139.5 mg/mile. Analysis of the particulate size distribution for both cases demonstrated that the mass-based size distribution of particles for this vehicle is heavily skewed towards the nano-particle range. The leaded-fuel tests showed a significant increase in mass concentration at the <0.1 micron size compared with the unleaded-fuel test case. The leaded-fuel tests produced lead emissions of nearly 0.04 g/mi, more than a 4-order-of-magnitude difference compared with unleaded-fuel results. Analysis of the size-fractionated PM samples showed that the lead PM emissions tended to be distributed in the 0.25 micron and smaller size range.

Ash-Decorated and Ash-Painted Soot from Residual and Distillate-Fuel Combustion in Four Marine Engines and One Aviation Engine

“…The most common evidence for the presence of small ash particles in ICE exhaust is provided by the appearance of a nonvolatile nucleation mode in the particle size distributions (PSDs) when metal-containing compounds are added to the combustion, as is the case when fuels are doped with catalysts. ,,,− In current applications, the ash content of fuels is generally only substantial for the residual fuels used in the marine sector, − which are rich in V, Ni, and other metals. ,− For the distillate fuels used in the on-road, aviation, and marine sectors, the main source of ash is Zn, P, and Ca from lubrication oil, ,,, although Fe has also been observed in aviation soot …”